WESTALLWORMS. 



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pute his expenditure against his profits ; and, with 

 sugar selling in the colony at 40s. to 54s. per hun- 

 dred-weight, and rum from 6s. 8d. to 8s. 4d. pel- 

 gallon, it may, without difficulty, be shown that 

 the result must be extremely favourable to him." 



The following is from Mr E. D. Baynes, April 

 3, 1839: "In the midst of so much misrepresen- 

 tation, and so much real or affected despondency 

 on the part of the planter, the confidence of the 

 great majority of the other classes of the commun- 

 ity in the stability and security of property, re- 

 mains unabated. Land, especially in the vicinage 

 of towns, has risen, and is increasing in value. Mr 

 Duncan Hamilton, of Retreat, in the parish of St 

 John, who, four years since, assured me that he did 

 not think he could get L.3000 for his property, has, 

 within these few weeks, disposed of it to Mr Alex- 

 ander Reid Scott, a store-keeper of Kingston, for 

 the sum of L. 10,000." 



Mr Ramsay, April 6, of the same year, says 

 " During slavery and the apprenticeship, the job- 

 ber charged from L.10 to L. 12 per acre for digging, 

 with his slaves, or apprentices, an acre of land into 

 cane-holes; now, at wages of Is. 8d. per day, an 

 acre of cane-holes may be dug for the sum of L.2, 

 10s. currency; at 2s. Id. wages it will cost L.3, 

 2s. 6d. ; at 2s. 6d. wages, it will cost L.4, 10s.; 

 and at 3s. 4d., the highest rate of wages that I 

 have heard of, it will cost only L.5, just one half 

 what it cost in times past. The whole estimated 

 expense of each negro to the planter, was from L.6 

 to L.7 per annum." 



Another communication from Mr Grant gives a 

 very cheering view of the effects of emancipation. 

 " The improvement," he says, " in the moral con- 

 dition of the liberated labourers since the day of 

 their final emancipation is greater than their most 

 sanguine well-wishers could have anticipated. 

 There has been only one person in the house of 

 correction for some time, sentenced during appren- 

 ticeship. On scarcely a property is a watchman 

 kept or required, and although coffee and other 

 produce is openly exposed on barbicues or other 

 places, a case of theft is exceedingly rare. The 

 church and schools are crowded, and the greatest 

 desire for religious and other instruction evinced by 

 the entire population. The number of marriages 

 and baptisms increase daily. There is a great 

 change in the apparel of the mass of the peasantry, 

 and in their general demeanour they are most re- 

 spectful. The population, he concludes, " are in- 

 dustrious, and are progressing in morality and 

 civilization." 



One of the ordinary stages in the progress of civil 

 society, is the formation of free villages and towns. 

 This stage of civilization is now to be witnessed 

 in various parts of the West Indies. The diffi- 

 culties which have arisen in regard to the houses of 

 the Negroes connected with estates ; the exorbi- 

 tant rents which have been demanded by many of 

 the White people, on the one hand, and the un- 

 reasonableness of many of the Negroes, on the 

 other, in refusing to pay any rent whatever, and in 

 resisting the processes of ejection, which have been 

 served upon them, have, no doubt, hastened on 

 measures of this description. We trust that the 

 result will render the Negroes more independent of 

 the White people, and thus show the latter the 

 necessity of treating them with justice and mode- 

 ration. They will lead to the cultivation of those 

 extensive tracts of land, which have hitherto been 

 totally unproductive, and will furnish the inhabi- 



tants with many of the necessaries of life for which 

 they have hitherto been dependent on distant coun- 

 tries. They will give an impulse and an expansion 

 to the mind of the Negroes, when they are en- 

 gaged in the cultivation of property belonging to 

 themselves, and will, probably, be a first step by 

 which many of them will ultimately rise in the 

 scale of intellectual and moral worth, and of worldly 

 respectability and affluence. 



WESTALL, RICHARD, an artist well known 

 for his numerous illustrations of the elegant litera- 

 ture of the day, was born about the year 1766. 

 In 1779 he became an apprentice to an engraver of 

 heraldry in London, and in this humble department 

 of the arts, he soon so far distinguished himself as 

 to draw upon him the attention and patronage of 

 several eminent connoisseurs. In 1786, he com- 

 menced his career as a painter. About this period, 

 he formed a friendly intercourse with Mr, after- 

 wards Sir Thomas, Lawrence, and they took 

 jointly a house in Soho Square, where they lived 

 for several years, until their success justified their 

 forming separate establishments. There was no 

 professional rivalry between them, as their walks 

 in art were quite different, and the friendship 

 formed in their youth was never broken but by 

 death. Mr Westall acquired distinction by mak- 

 ing finished pictures of historical and poetical sub- 

 jects in water colours, a branch of art in which he 

 attained to a brilliancy and vigour before unknown. 

 His pictures of " Sappho in the Lesbian Shades," 

 of " Tubal, the first voice of the Lyre," of " the 

 Boar that killed Adonis brought to Venus," of 

 " The Storm in Harvest," of " The Marriage Pro- 

 cession from the Shield of Achilles," and many 

 others, were much admired. These were followed 

 by a complete series of designs, made for Alderman 

 Boydell, to illustrate the works of Milton, and also 

 by illustrations for the Shakspeare Gallery and 

 Bowyer's History of England. He also produced 

 a multiplicity of designs for booksellers and pub- 

 lishers, and for more than thirty years was second, 

 perhaps, only to Stothard in the abundance and 

 popularity of his works in that line. In 1794, he 

 was elected a Royal Academician, the same year in 

 which Sir Thomas Lawrence and Stothard re- 

 ceived that honour. In 1808, he published a volume 

 of poems, in 8vo, with designs, entitled "A Day 

 in Spring and other Poems.' The poems display 

 evidence of an elegant and accomplished mind. By 

 his professional exertions, he attained a handsome 

 competence, which, unfortunately, was subsequent- 

 ly absorbed in an unsuccessful speculation in foreign 

 pictures, and some unfortunate partnership en- 

 gagements. He was secured, however, from indi- 

 gence by the assistance which the Royal Academy 

 bestows on its reduced members. One of his latest 

 occupations was giving lessons in drawing and 

 painting to her present majesty, then princess Vic- 

 toria; and the distinguished progress which his 

 royal pupil made in the art was a source of high 

 gratification to him. Mr Westall died on the 4th 

 December, 1836. At his death, a maiden sister, 

 unfortunately blind, would have been left utterly 

 destitute, but for the duchess of Kent, who bene- 

 ficently settled on her an annual pension of 100. 

 In person, Mr Westall was below the middle size, 

 and of a slight and delicate form. His manners 

 were retiring, but he was highly esteemed within 

 the circle of his acquaintance. 



WORMS. We takead vantage of thishead to intro- 

 duce a few remarks regarding animalcules, which were 



