14 PEODUCTS FEOM WASTE RESINOUS WOODS. 



oils, turpentine, and pine oils, which could be obtained under the 

 conditions, were removed. 



The data on the proportion of oils to water in the later relievings 

 have, therefore, practical significance only as showing how far from 

 being saturated with oils the steam was, and what working conditions 

 should be avoided. 



In the case of the fresh chips the proportions observed in the first 

 relieving of the digester represent very well the proportions obtained 

 on a commercial scale; that is, approximately 14 parts of water 

 are used to remove 1 part of oils. Approximately this proportion 

 has been observed at a well-managed steam wood turpentine plant. 

 In this plant 1 pound of steam was used to 1.3 pounds of wood and 

 approximately 12,000 pounds of water were required to remove 750 

 pounds of crude turpentine from the chips. It will be seen from a 

 comparison of the percentage of oils steamed out of the fresh with 

 that steamed out of the factory chips that this plant was recovering 

 approximately 80 per cent of the crude turpentine in the chips. 

 This statement is, of course, based on the assumption that the loss by 

 volatilization of the carefully wrapped and boxed chips was no 

 greater in transportation from Florida to Washington, D. C., than from 

 storage between chipping and distilling. Whatever may have been 

 the loss from this cause, and it is probably but a small fraction of 1 

 per cent, it is clear that approximately 0.5 per cent of oils was left 

 in the wood at this plant, and that by far the larger part of these oils 

 was readily recovered under the conditions of these experiments 

 with the distillation of 100 to 200 parts of water to 1 part of oil; 

 that is, there were left in a cord of wood 2 to 3 gallons of oils the 

 removal of which required, under favorable experimental conditions, 

 steam equal to from 200 to 500 gallons of water. 



It has been observed by the Bureau of Chemistry in refining crude 

 wood turpentine with saturated steam that the lighter oils, those 

 that may properly be termed ''wood turpentine," distill at the rate of 

 approximately 1 part of turpentine to 1 part of water, but this pro- 

 portion slowly changes throughout the distillation, and toward the 

 close, and when the heavy oils or pine oils only are distilling, there is 

 only 1 part of turpentine to 5 or more parts of water. For the 

 distillation of practically the whole of any volume of ordinary crude 

 wood turpentine the distillation of from three to four times as much 

 water is necessary. At the best 10 to 15 parts of water to 1 part of 

 turpentine were required in these experiments, and the same propor- 

 tions have been observed at steam turpentine works. 



In the distillation of crude turpentine from wood with steam it 

 is desirable for economic working to approach these proportions as 

 closely as possible, though it is almost certain that they can not be 

 equaled and absolutely certain that they can not be materially 



