CHAPTER IV 



ACTIONS OF ANIMALS EXPLAINED 



Utilitarian Origin of all Emotions The "Feelings" of 

 Dogs Animals Have Memory Nine Typical Objec- 

 tions Actions of the Horse The Chased Hare The 

 Dog Again Birds and Their Young Hunted Creatures 

 The Worm and the Hook Cattle and the Slaughter- 

 house The Horse's Limitations Contrast Between 

 Dog and Cat Animal Insensibility. 



ALL the means by which natural emotions, in- 

 cluding those of man, are spontaneously ex- 

 pressed have their utilitarian origin. 



All our expressions of grief are natural to gre- 

 garious animals seeking help in trouble; all our 

 expressions of happiness are those of gregarious 

 animals seeking to make conditions which are 

 pleasant to us, pleasant to those around us, thus 

 ensuring the continuance of that which is good. 

 Frowns, tears, smiles, caresses are all utilitarian 

 in origin; and, if we could remove human con- 

 sciousness from the earth, the world of animals 

 would contain no more happiness or unhappiness, r ^ fi \ 

 than the world of plants. 



What we have to realize is that this human con- \ 

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