THE RELIGION OF NATUKE 



sciousness, which makes all the difference, exists 

 only in man; and that, except from the human 

 point of view, there is no happiness or unhappi- 

 ness in the world. 



In following this line of thought for the first 

 time we find it difficult to understand how, if 

 other animals are not " conscious," they can per- 

 form certain actions and exhibit certain emotions. 



How, for instance, can a dog, if he is not con- 

 scious of pain, ever afterwards exhibit fear of the 

 whip that was used to chastise him? How can a 

 dog who is not conscious of sorrow mope and 

 refuse to eat for days merely because he is sep- 

 arated from his master or mistress? How can a 

 dog, unless he is conscious of wrongdoing, behave 

 so shamefacedly on coming into his owner's pres- 

 ence, even before his offense has been discovered? 



Now, I hope that all readers in whose minds 

 objections have arisen similar in purport, if not 

 in detail, to the above will recognize that the 

 selection which I have made fairly covers the 

 ground and that any explanation which satisfies 

 these will satisfy all. 



For all amount to no more than the suggestion 

 in varying forms, that other animals must pos- 

 sess consciousness, since they manifestly exhibit 

 connections of ideas and memory, giving rise to 

 symptoms which, if exhibited by human beings, 



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