ACTIONS OF ANIMALS EXPLAINED 



express fear of a known enemy, and have all 

 served their useful purpose in the evolution of the 

 race by dissuading the more powerful animal from 

 attack. This is also their meaning when a domesti- 

 cated dog enters the presence of a master whom 

 it has disobeyed. 



To deny memory to the brains of the higher 

 animals would be to make their evolution im- 

 possible ; since their success in the complicated life 

 which follows upon their complex structure de- 

 pends many times in the life of each individual 

 upon the instinctive power to adapt conduct to 

 circumstance. The range of adaptation is limited ; * 

 but it has sufficed for their needs so far, and its 

 chief agent is memory. 



Nor ought we to think it surprising that the/ 

 imprint of any previous experience upon an ani- 

 mal's brain should cause it to repeat the conduct 

 appropriate to such experience, when we ourselves 

 manufacture inanimate machines like gramo- 

 phones, which, when the proper " records " are 

 given to them, will repeat the whole of a pathetic 

 recitation or a comic song. Our ancestors would 

 certainly have denied that such things could be 

 done without " consciousness." - anew fallow I 



Yet at first we must all find it hard to believe A' 

 that the higher animals are unconscious of suffer- ^ *' 

 ing, since they exhibit all the apparent symptoms, 



[59] i^(J<w/'^ n Jt*>if^>4 



