WHARFE. 79 



bands of limestone, the upper one forming the summit of 

 Cam Fell, and high edges on the front of Deepdale and Yoken- 

 thwaite Moors. Near Deepdale the river plunges into the thick 

 lower limestone, from which it never escapes till it encounters 

 the gritstone hills of Barden Fell and Symon's Seat. Below this 

 point its course to Wetherby is in gritstone and shale; and 

 thenceforward in magnesian limestone and the New Red forma- 

 tion. Thus we have in Wharfedale four parts distinguished by 

 geological characters which are accompanied by very charac- 

 teristic differences of scenery. 



The gritstone portion of Langstrothdale has the usual wild 

 scenery of the moorlands, relieved by the grand forms of Cam 

 Fell, Whernside, Ingleborough, and Penyghent/ The calcareous 

 part of the dale has a very different aspect. Lofty mural pre- 

 cipices, broken and undulated by many lateral sinuosities, and 

 sometimes prominent in huge mountainous masses, overhang the 

 narrow green meadows and the clear free sparkling river. Neat 

 little villages, churches and churchyards, nestling by the stream 

 and below the rocks, have reared a few trees, and some under- 

 growth of wood clings in places to the detritus of the cliffs. 

 This character belongs also to the rocky dale of Arncliffe and 

 Litton, which opens out at the foot of Penyghent and Fountains 

 Fell, and the broad limestone floors of Hardflask. 



In the region about Kettlewell, the scenery is crowned by the 

 heights of Great Whernside and Buckden Pike, and the bold 

 rough rocks of Birks, Litton Hill, and Raisegill Hag; while, 

 looking down the dale, we have the lower but fully as picturesque 

 summits of Rilstone, Burnsall, and Barden, Symon's Seat, and 

 High Crag, forming an irregular distant horizon. Kettlewell 

 is the old parish of Langstrothdale, as Arncliffe is the mother 

 parish of Arncliffe or Littondale. Kettlewell's old church has 

 been replaced, the church of Arncliffe has been restored. 

 Lower down the valley we have the large parishes of Linton and 

 Burnsall. On the moorland above Starbottom and Kettlewell, 



