186 % GEOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



famous discoveries in the Cavern of Kirkdale, on the northern 

 side of the Vale of Pickering. As already observed, these are 

 the reliquiae of animals which lived in the vicinity. 



The list of Kirkdale animals, as first given by Buckland in 

 the ' Reliquiae Diluvianae/ is still very nearly a sufficient cata- 

 logue of the earliest known birds and mammalia of Yorkshire. 



CARNIVORA Hyaena, Lion, Tiger, Bear, Wolf, Fox, Weasel. 



PACHYDERMATA... Elephant, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, Horse. 



RUMINANTIA Ox, Deer (three species). 



RODENTIA Hare, Rabbit, Water-rat, Mouse. 



BIRDS Raven, Pigeon, Lark, Duck, Partridge. 



Considerable as this catalogue is, and containing examples of 

 carnivorous and herbivorous, of dry land and fluviatile races, 

 denizens of air and water, it can only be regarded as an index to 

 the animal life of the period. 



I cannot produce evidence that the vegetation which this fauna 

 requires existed in Yorkshire ; but the subterranean forests on 

 the Norfolk coast, which consist of fir-trees, are undoubtedly of 

 this aera, for they are rooted on the mammaliferous crag and 

 covered by the boulder clay. 



In a marl deposit at Bielbecks, which may be of the preglacial 

 period, but which has also been regarded as of later or post- 

 glacial date*, we have several of the same quadrupeds, as Ele- 

 phas primigenius, Rhinoceros tichorhimts, Urus antiquus, large 

 Deer, large Horse, Felis speltea, and Wolf. A Duck was the 

 only bird; a Chrysomela the only insect; an umbellate plant 

 was recognized by its seeds. Three terrestrial shells were found, 

 viz. Helix nemoralis, H. caperata, and Pupa marginata; one 

 swamp shell, viz. Succinea amphibia ; and nine freshwater shells, 

 viz. Limnaea limosa, L. palustris, Planorbis complanatus, P. vortex, 

 P. contortus, P. nitidus, P. spirorbis, Valvata cristata, and (the 

 only bivalve) Pisidium amnicum. 



When we compare with the Kirkdale preglacial quadrupeds 

 the species (which have left remains) in peat, marsh, buried 

 * Trimmer, in Geological Proceedings, 1851. 



