LANGUAGE. 201 



appears in the ' Ochill ' hills. Baildon (p. 94) may be Beal- 

 dun the hill of God. 



Very many of the Yorkshire hills are girdled by precipices, 

 which receive the name of Scar, a word derived from the British 

 or Gaelic element sgor; while the generic name of Craig is the 

 unchanged British word for ' rock.' 



The most ancient sites of population also are still traceable by 

 Celtic names, as York, derived through Saxon forms from Ebo- 

 racum, which is itself the latinized Ebor-ach (confluence by the 

 bank or mound) or Evr-ach, the mound by the Eur. Catte- 

 rick, Cataractonium, Cathair-rigd, fortified city. Verterse and 

 Lavatrse, on the road from Catterick to Carlisle, contain the 

 element ra, which remains in Rey Cross on Stainmoor, and is 

 the British rha, the Gaelic ra, and Erse rath, for a fort or strong 

 place. 



Even the names which are left us of Brigantian personages 

 are explicable as of Cymraic origin. Thus the Queen of the 

 Brigantes, Cartismandua, has a name expressive of locality 

 Cathair ys maen du, or Caer[t]ys maen du perhaps of her 

 seat of sovereignty by the black druidical stones, the precursors 

 of the Roman camp of Isurium. Venutius her husband seems 

 to be Gwynedd. Finally, the Brigantes seem clearly to be 

 named from Braighe, G., pi. Braigheacan, elevated grounds, 

 which in Cymraic takes even the form of Brigant, a moun- 

 taineer*. 



It is probable that this list may be very much augmented by 

 carrying the analysis to greater detail. I find, for example, rea- 

 son to conclude that such a name as Thorne Waste is not pro- 

 perly understood without calling in the Celtic etymon gwastad, 

 level ; that Waghen near Beverley is the British Gwaun, a marsh 

 or fen ; and Beverley itself, instead of being Bever-lac, owing its 



* The Coritani seem to be dalesmen, ' men of the valley,' from Coire, a 

 hollow and Daoine people. The Parisoi had Gallic representatives, living 

 by the island of the Seine as these by the peninsulated lands on the 

 Ilumber. Fearis would mean men of the Islands, Fearaisg, a ferryman. 



