CIRCLES. RINGS. 219 



in the chase, the flint arrow-head, the stone hammer ; and in 

 later periods, the bronze celt, palstave, and sword, the sacred 

 rings of gold, succeeded by the iron spear, caparisoned horses, 

 wooden coffins, spirals and serpentine ornaments on stone pillars, 

 with Runic inscriptions. Such Scandinavian relics occur in the 

 Orkneys, which they colonized ; in the Western Islands and on 

 the Irish coasts, which they frequented ; and to the correspond- 

 ing objects in the north of England, the Northmen's names are 

 commonly given. Our hows are their ho'ie, designated by names 

 like Hother's Hoie, Rolf's Hoie, the Six Hills, &c.* 



CIRCLES. RINGS. 



The tendency to circular arrangement in the earth-works and 

 stone-works of the Britons is well manifested in the singular 

 monument of Arbelow in Derbyshire. Analogous to that in im- 

 portant respects are the three circular entrenchments of Noster- 

 field already described (p. 63). There are two other works of 

 similar character in the vicinity of Penistone, marked on the 

 Ordnance Map as Camps. One of these, situated to the west 

 of Rough Birch worth, about 1^ mile to the south-west of Peni- 

 stone, is about 300 yards in circumference, measured on the 

 bank. There were two opposite openings, as in the circles of 

 Nosterfield and Arbelow, one to the north, the other to the 

 south; the bank appears to have been formed of unwrought 

 stones, and in the leveling of it a large heap has been collected. 

 The ditch external to the vallum is still traceable ; there is no 

 trace of an inner ditch : in this it differs from the Arbelow 

 circle, and may with more probability be regarded as a defen- 

 sive work (PI. 35). 



Perhaps we ought to reckon the Camp on Eston Nab as of 

 this order. 



It does not appear that any circular camp in Britain is posi- 

 tively known to be Roman. General Roy (Milit. Antiq. pi. 8) 



* See on this subject Lord Ellesmere's Guide to Northern Archaeology. 



