258 ANGLO-SAXONS AND DANES. 



even up many of the more open dales which penetrate among 

 the mountains. Thus in the basin of the Forth and Clyde, 

 between the Grampians and Lammermuirs, round the Cumbrian 

 and Yorkshire Mountains, bordering the heights of Wales and 

 Cornwall, and spreading to the eastern coast, we have this cha- 

 racteristic of Teutonic habitation. 



The termination ton is very common in Cleveland, on the 

 north side of the Vale of Pickering, and in Holderness. It is 

 attached to several Yorkshire towns, as Malton, Bridlington, 

 North Allerton, Patrington, Skipton, Pocklington, Weighton, 

 Peniston. It is rare in East Lincolnshire. 



Scarcely less extensive in England is the equally Teutonic 

 termination ham (heim in South Germany, urn in Friesland), for 

 this is found far west, as in Malham, Kirkham, Birmingham, 

 Wrexham, and occupies all the eastern parts with some singular 

 exceptions, as in Sheppey, from which ton is also nearly or quite 

 absent. Masham, Middleham, Rotherham, Kilham are examples. 



Ley, another termination belonging to the Saxon occupation, 

 is frequent in Yorkshire, as among towns : Helmsley, Barnsley, 

 Ripley, Bingley, Stokesley, Pateley, Otley. 



Ing, supposed to be indicative of a family, is rather frequent, 

 as Keyingham, Brantingham, &c. Ing also means a meadow. 



Field, implying a cleared space in a woody country, occurs at 

 Huddersfield, Wakefield, Sheffield ; and as contrasted with the 

 open wold at Driffield. 



More restricted by far, and running in streams and patches 

 on the eastern and northern side of England, is the termination 

 by, which marks a Danish dwelling. This is scarcely known in 

 Norway, but appears in a scattered manner up both sides of the 

 Bothnian and Finland Gulfs, which were exposed to Danish in- 

 cursion or held in temporary subjection. In a similar manner 

 it is carried round the coasts of Cumberland and Lancashire ; 

 but the great mass of the Danish settlements indicated by this 

 syllable is on the eastern side of the mountains, and, as Dr. 

 Latham has remarked, very much collected in the drainage of 



