NAMES OF PLACES. 259 



the H umber and Trent, which so often gave entrance to their 

 predatory keels. Teesdale, on the Yorkshire side, is rather 

 thickly marked by the termination by, in the country where 

 Baldersdale and Woden's Croft perpetuate the memory of the 

 northern divinities. Eskdale and the Yorkshire coast as far as 

 Bridlington have this affix to many villages ; it is frequent in 

 the interior along the Vales of Pickering and York ; but fails 

 remarkably in Holderness the old Saxon realm of Deira until 

 we reach the Humber bank. In all the western dales of York- 

 shire it is traceable, especially in Yoredale and the Valley of the 

 Dun. In East Lincolnshire it is very prevalent, and stretches 

 as far as Rugby and Naseby. Among towns with this termina- 

 tion we may notice Hunmanby, Whitby, Selby, Wetherby, Kirkby 

 Moorside. 



To pursue this subject a little farther, we find the traces of 

 Norwegian rather than Danish occupation in the generic names 

 for hills and valleys and streams and churches, through a great 

 part of old Northuinbria. Thus all the higher mountains of 

 the north-west of Yorkshire are called 'Fells/ a name which 

 stretches into Lancashire, Westmoreland and Cumberland ; the 

 valleys, even far into Scotland, are called 'Dales'; the streams 

 through nearly all Yorkshire are 'Becks'; the waterfalls, 'Forces'; 

 the churches, ' Kirks.' Of 42 occurrences of Kirby or Kirkby, 

 taken from an ' Index Villarum,' not one is in Northumberland, 

 Durham or Scotland; 17 are in Yorkshire, 7 in Lincolnshire, 

 4 in Lancashire, 4 in Westmoreland, 3 in Leicestershire, 2 in 

 Nottinghamshire, 2 in Norfolk, and 2 in Essex ; 1 in Cheshire. 

 (' Kirk,' like ' by/ is rare in Holderness.) Of 70 occurrences of 

 ' Kirk ' terminal, separate, or followed by some other syllable 

 than ' by' we have 19 in Yorkshire, 18 in Scotland, 14 in Isle 

 of Man, 6 in Cumberland, 5 in Northumberland, 2 in Lan- 

 caster, 2 in Derby, and 1 each in Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, 

 Oxfordshire. 



From this it appears probable, that over a very general colour 

 of Saxon population we may spread a Norwegian tint from the 



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