CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLIES 167 



thoracic legs of the larva, and the wings project from 

 the sides of the segments, in places which were marked 

 shortly before pupation by purple tracts. The 

 appendages, when they first emerge, are slimy, and 

 cohere during drying, so that before long the body 

 and appendages of the pupa seem to be invested by 

 a common envelope. Even before the larva begins 

 to spin, says Malpighi, the rudiments of the wings can 

 be made out beneath the skin of the second and third 

 segments, while the antennae are already formed 

 within the larval head. The pupa is a mask, which 

 protects and conceals the future Moth until it has 

 grown firm and fit for the emergencies of a free 

 existence. Malpighi rarely makes a controversial 

 remark, and here he offers no comment on the views 

 of the schoolmen, but quietly states the facts as he 

 knew them to be. 



In the very same year (1669) appeared Swammer- 

 dam's General History of Insects, a precursor of the 

 Biblia Natures, far less complete and valuable than 

 that great monument of industry and sagacity, but a 

 noteworthy book which had its results. The History 

 appeared a little later than Malpighi's Silkworm, as 

 we see from the fact that Swammerdam quotes with 

 high praise that very passage of Malpighi's which I 

 have condensed above. Swammerdam in his History 

 of Insects figures Daphnia, the Louse, the Dragon-fly, 

 the Gnat, Stratiomys, Anthomyia, the Ant, the 

 Vapourer, and the Cabbage-White, giving the trans- 

 formations of such as undergo transformation. The 

 text is meagre as compared with the later descrip- 

 tions of the Biblia Natures, and is largely occupied 



