28 CONSTRUCTIOX. 



plans will be furnished from Chief Engineer's office, and at 

 the close of each piece of work all that have been used on 

 same, by engineers or contractors, will be returned to Division 

 Engineer. 



The usual classification of grading will be earth, loose rock 

 and solid rock. If cemented gravel or soft rock in place or 

 other distinctive material exists in considerable quantities, the 

 fact must be reported to the Chief Engineer in order that it 

 may have a proper classification assigned to it. 



In staking out grading, have number of station marked on 

 face of center stake, and cut or fill on its back. On slope 

 stakes have cut or fill marked on the face, and number of sta- 

 tion on the back. 



Banks must be made full and regular. Care must be taken 

 to avoid sags between stations. The roadbed throughout must 

 conform strictly to the standard plan. 



In regions swept by strong winds, where the snow-fall is 

 liable to be great and drifting to occur, all structures will be 

 put on that side of the track opposite the prevailing winds. 

 Usually this will be the southerly side, and station buildings, 

 water stations, switch stands, and every kind of structure that 

 can cause the formation of drifts, will be put on that side. 

 Sidings and spur tracks should be put on the same side, where 

 practicable. 



When embankments are rip-rapped to protect them from 

 action of water, that part of embankment upon which the rip- 

 rap is placed should generally be made with slope not less 

 than two to one. If the embankment has been finished at a 

 steeper slope, the rip-rap should usually be so placed that its 

 exterior slope shall be two to one. 



Surface ditches must be laid out with great care to prevent 

 water from running down the slope or cut, or against em- 

 bankments, or being carried to any point where it can act in- 

 juriously upon any part of the work. The ditches should be 

 made of ample size; not less than one foot wide at the bottom 

 In any case; and if the area is considerable from which water 

 may accumulate, they should be made two feet wide or more 

 at the bottom. Material excavated in their construction should 

 usually be thrown on the side toward the cut In few mat- 



