22 



ANGLICAN CHURCHES. 



ARCHEOLOGY. 



The Bishop of Newcastle presided, and in his 

 inaugural address reviewed the questions to be 

 considered by the meeting. Upon the first of 

 the subjects on the programme of discussions 

 Home Work: Review of the Church's Progress 

 during the Nineteenth Century generally and in 

 the dioceses of Durham and Newcastle, the Bishop 

 of Ripon spoke of what had been accomplished 

 during the second half of the century, placing em- 

 phasis upon the deepening of the unseen hold of 

 Christianity upon mankind and the enlargement 

 of the scope of Christian aim which had taken 

 place in the direction of Christian and social ethics. 

 This was particularly illustrated in the work of 

 the Salvation Army, the Church Army, and the 

 Social Settlements. Canon Overton dwelt upon 

 the "enormous effects" that were due directly 

 or indirectly to the Church revival which began in 

 1833. Other topics of the first day's discussions 

 were The Church's Policy in Elementary Educa- 

 tion and The Cathedral System, with Reference to 

 the Supply and Training of Candidates for Holy 

 Orders. A number of carefully prepared papers 

 were read upon the subject of The Reformation in 

 England: (a) What was it in its Essence? (ft) To 

 what has it committed the Church of England? 

 Respecting Old Testament Criticism and its Bear- 

 ing on Teaching, Prof. Ryle held that inspiration 

 was no special operation, but a spiritual informing 

 force, and commended the teaching of the Old 

 Testament as an evolution of religion. The Rev. 

 Prof. Margoliouth urged that in teaching we 

 should not look to results which were being fast 

 discredited, but to those which the future was 

 likely to see replaced and sustained. Other sub- 

 jects on which papers were read were: Art: Its 

 Relation to Religion; War: Attitude and Duties 

 of the Church ; The Church's Policy in Elementary 

 Education; Autonomy of the Church: Mode of 

 Achievement; The Ascension (at the devotional 

 meeting) ; The Church's Progress in the Foreign 

 Field in the Nineteenth Century: (a) In the Col- 

 onies, (ft) In India, (c) In Other Mission Fields; 

 The Housing of the Poor. The evening meeting 

 for men was addressed by the Bishop of New- 

 castle, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop 

 of Derry, and the Bishop of Thetford, all of whom 

 pressed the claims of Christianity upon the reason 

 and heart of man and its living power to elevate 

 and ennoble him. At a Conference of Christians 

 of various denominations in furtherance of Chris- 

 tian unity, held in connection with the congress, 

 Earl Grey presided, and a resolution, moved by 

 the Dean of Ripon and seconded by the Rev. F. W. 

 MacDonald, President of the Wesleyan Conference, 

 was adopted, declaring increased co-operation 

 among Christians, where sacrifice of principle is 

 not involved, to be both desirable qnd practicable. 

 Church of England in Australia and Tas- 

 mania. The General Synod of the Church of 

 England in Australia and Tasmania met in Syd- 

 ney, Aug. 28. A committee was appointed to 

 have charge of the raising of a twentieth cen- 

 tury fund, and of provision for such objects as 

 clergy pensions, religious education, clergy train- 

 ing, and Church extension. British New Guinea, 

 already constituted a diocese, was included within 

 the teritorial limits of the synod. A proposal to 

 change the name of the Church in such a way as 

 to convey a closer identification of it with Aus- 

 tralia was rejected. The synod decided that the 

 primate should be selected from among the metro- 

 politans of Australia and Tasmania, or until these 

 provinces shall have been formed from among the 

 occupants of the sees of Sydney, Melbourne, and 

 Brisbane. Other action of the synod related to 

 clergy discipline, thanks and public prayer for the 



inauguration of the commonwealth, the abolition 

 of the primate's veto on the confirmation of bish- 

 ops, enlargement of the powers of the synod, the 

 College of Theology, the Clergy Superannuation 

 fund, the relation of the Church and industrial 

 problems, and the Centenary Thanksgiving fund. 



ARCHEOLOGY. The results of the Oriental 

 and Grecian archaeological discoveries of the season 

 of 1899-1900 are among the most fruitful recorded 

 in any single year. They have established the 

 historical character of the first dynasty of Egypt 

 and have brought to light some of its art, and of 

 the art even of the pre-Menite period. They have 

 proved the existence in Crete of Greek or Myce- 

 naean writing eight hundred years earlier than any 

 previously known and furnished palpable data 

 concerning times and scenes which the Greeks in- 

 vested with myths of fanciful character; and have 

 brought to light in Babylonia a library of cunei- 

 form cylinders, all antecedent to 2280 B. c., from 

 the study of which an amount of information may 

 be expected to accrue respecting the most remote 

 past exceeding all present possibilities of estima- 

 tion. 



American. The archaeological investigations 

 conducted by Mr. Harlan I. Smith for the Jesup 

 north Pacific exploring expedition on the north 

 Pacific coast during 1899 were in continuation of 

 researches made on the same field during the pre- 

 ceding two summers, and were designed, in the 

 State of Washington, to extend existing knowl- 

 edge of the distribution and character of cairns 

 and burial mounds; to make reconnoissance of 

 the shell heaps of Puget Sound and the western 

 coast, with special reference to the determination 

 of their character and the distribution of the 

 southern limits of north Pacific coast culture in 

 North America, and of any possible influence from 

 the region of the lower Columbia; and to learn if 

 the shell heaps of the lower Fraser river had any 

 analogy with those of this area. In British Co- 

 lumbia a further investigation was desired of the 

 cairns and shell heaps of northeastern Vancouver 

 island. It- was further necessary to study the 

 archaeology of the Lilooet valley with reference 

 to possible communication of coast culture with 

 the interior and vice versa. The southern limit 

 of north Pacific coast culture and the southern 

 limit of important influence from the Columbia 

 valley seemed to coalesce in the region from Shoal- 

 water Bay to Seattle. 



Explorations carried on under the direction of 

 the American Museum of Natural History among 

 the relics of the Zapotecs in the state of Oajaca, 

 Mexico, were to be continued during the winter 

 of 1900-1901, under the superintendence of Prof. 

 Marshall H. Saville. The Zapotecs are one of the 

 hardiest of the native races of Mexico, exhibiting 

 affinities with the Mayas in language and with 

 the Nahuas in religion and some of the features 

 of their architecture. Their ancient capital \\ji-; 

 Mitla, a city the ruins of which are extensive and 

 important, and have received much attention from 

 Americanists. The present work of exploration is 

 directed to ruins in the vicinity of Cuilapa, Tecti- 

 pac, and Maculixochitl, all of which are situated 

 within a radius of nO miles. The previous ex- 

 plorations made by Prof. Saville have left some 

 curious problems to be solved. At a site known 

 as the Mogotes de Xoxo royal tombs were found, 

 seven of the mounds being arranged in a group, 

 while others were detached. One is marked 

 by a pyramid of the style common in Central 

 America, 60 feet high, with a base 160 feet square. 

 Within the mounds were cemented floors and ruins 

 of walls of adobe. Vessels were found, some not 

 ornamented, one bearing the figure of a large 



