COLOMBIA. 



about 6,000 men, besides 2,000 guarding different 

 points, while the Government forces were said to 

 number 15,000. They fought daily with determi- 

 nation on both sides until the losses mounted up 

 to several hundred killed and wounded and both 

 parties used up their ammunition. The rebels 

 then withdrew, and during the following month 

 made themselves masters of the greater part of 

 the department. Their provisional Government 

 wns established at Cucuta. They received coun- 

 tenance and aid in men and money from Venezue- 

 lans and Nicaraguans. The Government assumed 

 that all foreigners favored the revolution, includ- 

 ing Protestant missionaries, who were harshly 

 treated in consequence. An expedition of 300 

 men on a Nicaraguan gunboat, which the Nica- 

 raguan authorities represented they had stolen, 

 landed at Chiriqui and took possession of the 

 town, killing the garrison of 25 men, and putting 

 to flight the citizens who opposed them or were 

 afraid. Benjamin Ruiz, Governor of the Venezue- 

 lan state of Zulia, aided the Colombian rebels 

 because he hoped if they got into power they 

 would repay him by relinquishing the whole or a 

 part of the Colombian claims to the territory in 

 dispute between the two republics. Besides the 

 Momotombo, which went to Chiriqui flying the 

 Nicaraguan flag, the rebels obtained possession of 

 the Nicaraguan steamer Rayo. The American 

 steamer Hanaberg, chartered as a transport by 

 the Colombian Government, was seized by the 

 revolutionists, who had two other small steamers 

 with which they captured San Antero, Lorica, and 

 the other places on the Sinu river. When guerrilla 

 bands appeared in the department of Bolivar the 

 military at Cartagena placed guns at the entrance 

 of the port and on the heights. The bands united 

 with those operating in Magdalena until they 

 formed under Gen. Ruiz a force as formidable as 

 the Government troops pitted against them. An- 

 other filibustering expedition landed on the west 

 coast and proceeded to David, near the border of 

 Costa Rica. Cartagena was captured by the 

 rebels early in July, giving them command of 

 nearly the entire Caribbean coast and the rivers, 

 except the Magdalena, leading to Bogota, at the 

 entrance to which Barranquilla still held out after 

 long and severe fighting. The warfare was most 

 disastrous to the country, causing a stoppage of 

 all business and production in the districts where 

 the fighting occurred, and seriously affecting the 

 central and southern departments as well. The 

 Government summoned to arms every male be- 

 tween the ages of twelve and sixty. Live stock, 

 arms, saddlery, and whatever else was required by 

 the army was requisitioned without payment, and 

 the lawless soldiers and revolutionists often took 

 away the food, utensils, and clothing of families. 

 When the revolutionists advanced against Pana- 

 ma they were well disciplined and were already 

 numerically superior to the Government forces 

 opposed to them. Their supplies and munitions, 

 however, were running short after two months of 

 constant hard campaigning. The gunboats Pera- 

 lonzo and Augusto were taken by Gen. Francisco 

 Uuiz to La Guayra, and there they were seized by 

 the Venezuelan authorities in the belief that their 

 commander, a veteran revolutionist, intended to 

 use them in a rising against President Castro. 

 The rebels had gunboats which could co-operate in 

 the attack upon Panama. The United States 

 Government protested against a bombardment of 

 Panama, ordering a man-of-war to that port to 

 interfere. A British war vessel was in the har- 

 bor, and marines were landed to protect prop- 

 erty. The warning from the United States was 

 effective. The Government forces went out to 



COLORADO. 



125 



meet the rebels when they appeared, under Gen. 

 Emilio Herrera, 1,500 strong, at Corozal, on July 

 20, but after several hours of sharp fighting fell 

 back toward Panama. The battle was resumed 

 on the next day and the following, and still went 

 against the Government troops, whose com- 

 mander, Gen. Belisario Lozada, took refuge on the 

 British gunboat, willing to give up the contest. 

 A truce was arranged for a day, at the end of 

 which the Government party decided to fight it 

 out. Gen. Carlos Alban, the governor, then took 

 charge of the defense, and fought the rebels in the 

 streets of Panama and outside. The battle pro- 

 ceeded from day to day, and the landing of re- 

 enforcements for the rebels turned the tide still 

 more in their favor. Both parties, although they 

 used artillery freely, refrained from injuring the 

 city or interfering in any way with the traffic of 

 the Panama Railroad. On July 25 the command- 

 ers agreed to an armistice, which was extended 

 through the efforts of the American and British 

 consuls so as to allow the burial of the dead and 

 care for the wounded, the number killed having 

 exceeded 600. The fighting on both sides was of 

 the most resolute description, especially on the 

 part of the rebels, who tried to carry by assault 

 a strongly intrenched position defended with 

 Mauser rifles. Many hundreds were wounded, the 

 Liberals having been the greatest sufferers. 

 Nearly a quarter of the people engaged on both 

 sides were killed or wounded. The trenches were 

 full of dead, and the wounded had crawled into 

 houses, and many had died for want of surgical 

 attention. Both parties were supplied with arms 

 of the most modern patterns. The armistice 

 served the further purpose of allowing 1,000 fresh 

 Government troops to arrive from Savanilla. 

 As soon as these came over the railroad the Lib- 

 erals were willing to make peace, agreeing to give 

 up all their arms, ammunition, and ships on con- 

 dition of receiving a complete amnesty, the offi- 

 cers to retain their side arms, the insurgents to be 

 allowed to return to their homes, and all political 

 prisoners to be set free. On the previous day a 

 Government force led by Gen. Gonzalez Valencia 

 took Cuenta, held by Colombian rebels and Ven- 

 ezuelans who had come to their aid, capturing 

 many prisoners and a large quantity of war ma- 

 terial. The foreigners who took part in the rebel- 

 lion were expelled from the country. 



When the Congress met, Vice-President Maro- 

 quin was intrusted with the executive power and 

 a new Cabinet was formed on Aug. 10, com- 

 posed as follows: Minister of Government and of 

 War, Gen. Guillermo Quintero Calderon; Minister 

 of the Interior, Dr. Pedro Antonio Molina; Min- 

 ister of Public Instruction, Dr. Miguel Abadia 

 Mendex; Minister of Finance, Alejandro Guitie- 

 rrez; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Carlos Mar- 

 tinez Silma. 



COLORADO, a Western State, admitted to 

 the Union Aug. 1, 1876; area, 103,969 square 

 miles. The population was 194,327 in 1880; 412,- 

 198 in 1890; and 539,700 in 1900. Capital, Denver. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers in 1900: Governor, Charles S. Thomas, 

 Democrat; Lieutenant Governor, Francis Carney, 

 Populist; Secretary of State, E. F. Beckwith, 

 Populist; Treasurer, John F. Fesler, Republican; 

 Auditor, George W. Temple, Republican; Adju- 

 tant General, J. C. Overmeyer, Democrat ; Attor- 

 ney-General, D. M. Campbell, Republican; Super- 

 intendent of Education, Helen L. Grenfell, Re- 

 publican; Commissioner of Mines, Harry A. Lee; 

 Regents of the University, W. E. Anderson, C. 

 R. Dudley, O. J. Pfeiffer, William J. Orange, D. 

 M. Richards, Harold Thompson; Chief Justice of 





