EXPOSITION, PARIS UNIVERSAL. 



207 



countries was approved. Another resolution ad- 

 vocated the formation of a proletariat party which 

 should employ all forms of organization, including 

 trade union and political action, with the object 

 of socializing all the means of production and ex- 

 change. Over the question of political alliances 

 it was agreed that the class struggle forbids per- 

 manent alliances between the Socialists and other 

 parties, but not temporary co-operation for specific 

 objects or tactical advantages, as in Belgium to 

 secure universal suffrage, in Italy for freedom, and 

 in France over the Dreyfus affair. The entrance 

 of an isolated Socialist into a capitalist govern- 

 ment may be expedient as the beginning of a 

 conquest of the public powers, but it should be 

 with the sanction of the party, and such a minister 

 should resign if the Government does not maintain 

 strict neutrality in the struggles between capital 

 and labor. 



Closing and Results. As the exposition drew 

 to a close, special entertainments were provided 

 in order to attract visitors. The night of Nov. 11 

 was devoted to a fete of illumination. The Cha- 

 teau d'Eau blazed with light, with constantly 

 changing colors, and in the distance the Trocadero 

 and all the buildings were illuminated, while the 

 gardens displayed their garlands of translucent 

 fruits, and for the last time the assembled people 

 gazed on the luminous waters. Suddenly the 

 lights went out, and the end came; then the peo- 

 ple moved toward the gates, and at 11 o'clock the 

 booming of a cannon from the first story of the 

 Eiffel Tower announced that the exposition was 

 no more. 



Official statistics show that more than 50,000,000 

 persons visited the exposition, which is about 

 double the number that attended the exposition 

 of 1889, when 25,121,975 passed the gates. In that 

 ear the British and the Belgians outnumbered 

 .her visitors, but on this occasion the Germans 

 ded the list, with the Belgians second and the 

 ritish far behind, while the Americans formed 

 important contingent. The greatest number 

 visitors on a single day exceeded 600,000, com- 

 red with the maximum of 335,377 in 1889. The 

 greatest attendance at the exposition in Chicago 

 in 1893 was on Oct. 9, when 716,881 persons passed 

 through the gates. As regards expenses, M. Hano- 

 taux wrote: "France expended 200,000,000 or 

 300,000,000 francs to erect the exposition. She 

 has recovered them easily in the increase of the 

 treasury receipts, in the surplus of Parisian octroi 

 duties, in the monuments remaining to the state 

 or the city, and in the quays, bridges, and im- 

 proved transportation facilities bequeathed by the 

 exposition. Moreover, there has been a general 

 cleaning up of the city, which has contributed 

 its brilliance and beauty." 



An announcement was made on Dec. 15 that 

 he exposition balance sheet showed a deficit of 

 ,073,786 francs. 



Relation of the United States to the Ex- 

 osition. In accordance with an act of Congress 

 pproved by the President on July 1, 1898, there 

 as appointed a commissioner general to repre- 

 mt the United States, to make all needful rules 

 nd regulations in reference to the contributions 

 om this country, and to control the expenditures 

 cident to and necessary for the proper installa- 

 ion and exhibition thereof; an assistant commis- 

 ioner general to assist and act under the direction 

 the commissioner general; a secretary to act as 

 isbursing agent, whose accounts were to be ren- 

 ered to the accounting officers of the Treasury ; 

 Iso 12 commissioners and a number of experts 

 aving special attainments in regard to the subject 

 f the groups in the exposition to which they 



should be assigned. The necessary expenses were 

 limited to $650,000. On March 3, 1899, Congress 

 appropriated an additional sum of $560,000, maK- 

 ing a total appropriation of $1,210,000 for the par- 

 ticipation of the United States at the Paris Ex- 

 position. At the end of the exposition the com- 

 missioner general is required, within four months 

 after its close, to make a full report of the results, 

 which, when printed, should not exceed six octavo 

 volumes. 



American Officials. These were: Commis- 

 sioner General, Ferdinand W. Peck, Chicago, 111.; 

 Assistant Commissioner General, Benjamin D. 

 Woodward, New York city; Secretary, Frederick 

 Brackett, Maryland; Commissioners, Bertha llo- 

 nor6 Palmer, Illinois; Brutus J. Clay, Kentucky; 

 Charles A. Collier, Georgia; Michael H. de Young, 

 California; William L. Elkins, Pennsylvania; 

 Ogden H. Fethers, Wisconsin; Peter Jansen, Ne- 

 braska; Calvin Manning, Iowa; Franklin Murphy, 

 New Jersey; Henry A. Parr, Maryland; Henry M. 

 Putney, New Hampshire; Alvin H. Sanders/Illi- 

 nois; Louis Stern, New York; William G. Thomp- 

 son, Michigan; William M. Thornton, Virginia; 

 Arthur E. Valois, New York; Thomas F. Walsh, 

 Colorado; James Allison, Kansas; also Mrs. Daniel 

 Manning, New York, as a special commissioner to 

 represent the United States and the Daughters of 



COMMISSIONER-GENERAL FERDINAND W. PECK. 



the American Revolution at the unveiling of the 

 Lafayette statue, and at the Paris Exposition, in 

 accordance with a joint resolution of Congress ap- 

 proved Feb. 23, 1900. Also the following experts, 

 who were placed in charge of groups as designated : 

 Paul Blackmar, of Affairs; assistant, James M. 

 Allen. Frederick J. V. Skiff, of Mining and Metal- 

 lurgy ; assistant, William S. W T ard. Francis E. 

 Drake, of Machinery and Electricity; assistant, 

 James S. Anthony. Charles R. Dodge, of Agricul- 

 ture; assistant, James L. Farmer. Tarleton H. 

 Bean, of Forestry and Fisheries. M. H. Hulbert, 

 of Varied Industries; assistant, William E. Crist. 

 Willard A. Smith, of Civil Engineering and Trans- 

 portation; assistant, A. C. Baker. Alexander S. 

 Capehart, of Liberal Arts and Chemical Industries ; 

 assistant, Charles H. Simms. Howard J. Rogers, 

 of Education and Social Economy. John B. Cauld- 

 well, of Fine Arts; assistant, H. B. Snell. L. M. 

 Howland, of Customs. J. H. McGibbons, of Ex- 

 ploitation and Acting Director of Textiles. In 

 addition to the foregoing, there were about 40 

 honorary experts and special agents, who served 

 without salaries. 



