252 



GERMANY. 



of Lords; 488,135,878 marks are the cost of the 

 state administration, of which 105,757,000 marks 

 are assigned to the Ministry of Justice, 137.758,158 

 marks to the Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 

 04,901,338 marks to the Ministry of the Interior, 

 30,440,000 marks to the Ministry of Public Works, 

 21,059,785 marks to the Ministry of Agriculture, 

 Domains, and Forests, 10,050,288 marks to the 

 .Ministry of Commerce and Industry, 108,094,209 

 marks to the Ministry of Finance, 551,300 marks 

 to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs* 138,^97 marks 

 to the Ministry of War, and 8,118,843 marks to 

 the Ministry of State. The total ordinary expendi- 

 ture of Prussia amounts to 2,187,175,538 marks; 

 extraordinary expenditure, 139,151,810 marks. For 

 the year ending March 31, 1901, the revenue is 

 estimated at 2,472,266,033 marks, including 166,- 

 4(19.282 marks to be expended for extraordinary 

 purposes. The national debt of Prussia bears 3i 

 per cent, interest, except 865,000,000 marks of 3-per- 

 cent, bonds, and the annual charge in 1900 for 

 interest, sinking fund, and management amounted 

 to 237,950.411 marks. The expenditure of the 

 Prussian Government amounts to 73 marks per 

 capita ; the direct taxes are 5.70 marks, including 

 only the income tax, the supplementary tax on 

 investments, and the tax on commercial travelers, 

 as in 1895 the land and house taxes and the trade 

 licenses were transferred to the communes. The 

 annual average income in Prussia per capita is 

 estimated at 342 marks; the total national in- 

 come at 10,000,000,000 marks. The revenue of the 

 Saxon duchies is derived in great part from do- 

 mains, and direct taxes provide the rest. Saxe- 

 Altenburg's small debt can be extinguished by 

 funds accumulated in the treasury six times the 

 amount. In the others the debts are more than 

 covered by property and cash assets. The King- 

 dom of Saxony receives a net revenue from rail- 

 roads more than covering the expenses of the debt, 

 which are 31,575,000 marks a year, and from the 

 railroads and the domains, forests, and mines it 

 gets more than half its total revenue and taxes 

 only lightly the incomes and earnings of the popu- 

 lation, estimated at a total of 2,000,000,000 marks 

 a year. The debt of Wiirtemberg,' the bulk of 

 which pays 3 per cent, interest, was contracted 

 mainly for railroads. 



The Army. The German army is organized 

 territorially, and the army corps are distributed 

 as follow: First, East Prussia; Second, Pomera- 

 nia; Third, Brandenburg; Fourth, Prussian Sax- 

 ony; Fifth, Posen; Sixth, Silesia; Seventh, West- 

 phalia; Eighth, Rhenish Prussia; Ninth, Schles- 

 wig-Holstein ; Tenth, Hanover; Eleventh, Hesse- 

 Nassau; Twelfth, Saxony; Thirteenth, Wiirtem- 

 berg; Fourteenth, Baden; Fifteenth, Alsace; Six- 

 teenth, Lorraine; Seventeenth, West Prussia; 

 Eighteenth and Nineteenth, Bavaria. The Prus- 

 sian Guards form the Twentieth Corps, and in time 

 of war the separate Hessian division " will be 

 strengthened to form the Twenty-first Army Corps. 

 Each army corps can be mobilized independently 

 and take the field as a complete fighting unit, com- 

 posed of troops of all arms and having its separate 

 stores and equipments. A corps is composed of 

 2 divisions of infantry, each of 2 brigades, each 

 brigade of 2 regiments of 3 battalions each, with 

 4 squadrons of cavalry and 4 field batteries of 6 

 guns, and either a rifle battalion or a battalion 

 of pioneers attached to every infantry division; 

 and besides the divisional cavalry and artillery 

 every corps contains a cavalry division of 4 regi- 

 ments, with 2 batteries of horse artillery attached, 

 an artillery reserve of 6 field batteries and 1 

 mounted battery, a battalion of pioneers, and a 

 battalion of train. The battalion of infantry on 



the peace footing is 544 men, to be raised in war 

 to 1,002 by calling in part of the reserves. The 

 troops stationed in Alsace-Lorraine and the guard 

 corps are kept at the strength of 086 men in peace 

 time. The total number of field batteries, includ- 

 ing 47 mounted batteries, is 494, usually of 4 guns 

 in time of peace and 6 guns in war. The total 

 number of men trained in the German army and 

 available for war is estimated at 3,000,000. The 

 effective strength of the army on the peace foot- 

 ing in 1899 was 23,230 officers and 562,266 men, 

 with 98,038 horses. There are 215 regiments of 

 infantry, numbering 12,028 officers and 362,469 

 men; 19 battalions of rifles, 410 officers and 11,974 

 iiien; 288 district commands, 819 officers and 

 5,548 men; and 2,572 men in the administrative 

 service, schools, etc., making a total of 13,257 

 officers and 382,563 men in the infantry. The 

 cavalry numbers 93 regiments, containing 2,385 

 officers and 65,710 men, besides 813 on special 

 duty. In the 43 regiments of field artillery there 

 were 2,671 officers and 57,843 men, besides 810 on 

 special duty. The foot artillery consists of 17 

 regiments and 1 battalion, containing 873 officers 

 and 22,702 men, besides 134 on special duty. The 

 engineers consisted of 23 battalions of pioneers, 3 

 railroad regiments, 2 balloon detachments, 1 rail- 

 road battalion, and 3 railroad companies, contain- 

 ing in all 738 officers and 19,014 men, besides 127 

 on special duty. Of train there are 21 battalions, 

 containing 310 officers and 7,745 men, besides 69 

 on special duty. There were 529 officers and 4,453 

 men in the special formations, and the number 

 of general officers and officers not attached to 

 regiments was 2,467, with 283 men. Every Ger- 

 man is liable to military service, and no substitu- 

 tion is allowed. All troops are bound to obey the 

 German Emperor, to whom they swear an oath 

 of fidelity, except the Bavarians, who are not 

 required to take the oath in time of peace. Ba- 

 varia, Saxony, and Wiirtemberg have war min- 

 istries of their own, and the kings reserve the right 

 to appoint the officers; but the Emperor's ap- 

 proval is necessary for all appointments, and noth- 

 ing affecting the superior direction of the troops 

 of any state can be done without his consent. The 

 period of service in the active army and its re- 

 serve is six years for the infantry and seven for the 

 cavalry and field artillery, and service with the 

 colors is two years for infantry and three years 

 for the other arms. When the entire period has 

 expired the soldier is inscribed in the Landwehr 

 for five years, or in the case of the cavalry and 

 artillery soldiers, who have to serve one year long- 

 er, in the standing army and reserve. At the 

 age of twenty the young men are summoned for 

 service; out of about 360,000 who are liable the 

 annual contingent is obtained by lot. and all who 

 are not drawn are inscribed in the Ersatz reserve, 

 in which they should receive twenty weeks of 

 training in three different periods, although many 

 of them are never called out for drill, and in time 

 of war they may be drafted into the army to 

 fill depleted ranks, otherwise they pass at the end 

 of twelve years into the Landsturm, the final 

 levy for the defense of the fatherland, to which 

 every able-bodied man between seventeen and 

 forty-five years of age belongs unless he is in 

 the active army or its reserve or in the Land- 

 wehr. Scattered among the active troops are edu- 

 cated young men, about 8,000 each year, serving 

 at their own expense a single year, from whom 

 many of the Landwehr officers are selected. Among 

 the improvements introduced most recently in the 

 German army is the formation of machine-gun 

 detachments, to be attached to rifle or infantry 

 regiments in all the army corps. Experiments 



