HAWAII. 



289 



in July, 1898. He sold to collectors the first 

 postage stamps that were printed in Washington 

 for use on the island and other lots afterward, 

 thus eking out the scanty revenue. He ordered 

 the people of Agana who were living in irregular 

 wedlock to have their unions legalized, and com- 

 pelled them to conform their dress and customs 

 to civilized usages. On Washington's Birthday 

 he issued a proclamation declaring that personal 

 liberty was the inalienable right of all men, and 

 that the mild form of slavery hitherto practiced 

 on the islands was at an end wherever the United 

 States had jurisdiction. A breakwater for the 

 roadstead has been designed, and the fortification 

 of the harbor of San Luis d'Apra is contemplated 

 in order to fit it for a coaling station on the 

 route between Honolulu and Manila. A store of 

 coal has already been accumulated, and transports 

 bound for Manila are usually compelled to take 

 in coal there. 



GUATEMALA, a republic in Central America. 

 The legislative power is vested in the National 

 Assembly, a single chamber of 69 members, 1 to 

 20,000 inhabitants, elected for four years by uni- 

 versal adult male suffrage, and in the Council of 

 State, consisting of 13 members, part elected by 

 the Assembly and part appointed by the President. 

 The executive power is vested in the President, 

 who is under the Constitution elected by the 

 people for six years and can not be a candidate 

 for the next succeeding term. Manviel Estrada 

 Cabrera was proclaimed President by the National 

 Assembly on Sept. 25, 1898, for the term ending 

 .March 15, 1905. The Cabinet in the beginning 

 of 1900 consisted of the following members : Secre- 

 tary of the Interior, . Justice, and Foreign Affairs, 

 Dr. Francisco Anguiano; Secretary of War, Gen. 

 Iregorio Contreras ; Secretary of Fomento, Rafaele 

 Ponciano; Secretary of Public Instruction, 

 Domingo Morales; Secretary of Finance, Pedro 

 Gtalvez Portocarrero. 



Area and Population. Guatemala has an 

 estimated area of 63,400 square miles. The popu- 

 lation in 1898 was 1,535,632. There is a small 

 proportion of pure Spanish blood, but nearly all 

 who are not Indians are of mixed blood, and 

 three fifths of the inhabitants are Indians. There 

 are about 12,000 foreigners. Most of the foreigners 

 and native whites live in Guatemala la Nueva, 

 the capital, which has about 73,000 inhabitants. 



Finances. The revenue in 1897 was $12,479,- 

 741, and expenditure $21,433,194. In 1898 the 

 evenue was $9,738,661, and expenditure $9,964,833. 

 ?or 1899 the revenue was estimated at $9,815,000, 

 of which $4,402,000 come from customs, $1,567,000 

 from taxation, and $3,546,000 from monopolies. 

 The expenditure was estimated at $13,708,781, of 

 ^hich $6,211,901 were assigned to the Department 

 jf Finance, $1,349,588 to the interior and justice, 

 $1,569,997 to education, $2,254,762 to the War De- 

 irtment, and $1,725.380 to agriculture and public 

 rorks. The revenue is collected in currency. 

 There is very little metallic money in the country, 

 and the premium on silver coin rose in 1899 to 

 70 per cent., and on gold to 430 per cent. 



The foreign gold loan of 1895 amounted in 1899, 



with 29,656 arrears of interest, to 1,512,456. 

 The silver debt, including outstanding cedulas, 

 railroad loans, and floating obligations, amounted 

 on Jan. 1, 1899, to $18,638,281 in silver, and gold 

 debts separate from the loan of 1895 to $1,203,205 

 in gold. The banks by a decree issued on Oct. 29, 

 1898, were authorized to issue $6,000,000 in notes 

 that are legal tender to the exclusion of former 

 issues of notes and in preference to silver, even 

 though debts are made payable in silver by the 

 contract. 



Commerce and Production. The coffee crop 

 in 1898 was 826,033 quintals. There is an export 

 duty on coffee of $1 silver per quintal. The quan- 

 tity of tobacco grown on 2,500 acres is 9,900 

 quintals a year; of sugar on 66,700 acres, 25,000 

 quintals. Bananas are cultivated for food and 

 export, and corn is grown. Cacao is planted for 

 the foreign market. The planting of rubber trees is 

 encouraged by the Government, which in a decree 

 issued on Jan. 14, 1899, offers a caballeria of the 

 national land for every 20,000 plants grown, to be 

 given when they are four years old. Cattle are 

 pastured on the high table-land, about 500,000 

 head in 1895. The number of horses is estimated 

 at 62,000 ; of mules, 42,000. The national lands, by 

 the law of 1894, excepting on the seashore and the 

 land frontiers, are open to settlers in lots of 15 

 caballerias or less at prices ranging from $250 to 

 $500 per caballeria of 112J acres. Wild lands may 

 be granted without price to immigrants or col- 

 onization companies or to municipalities or vil- 

 lages, or in consideration of road making or for 

 school funds. Gold, silver, and salt are mined to 

 a small extent, and lead, tin, and copper are found. 

 The value of imports in 1898 was $4,850,835 in 

 gold, equivalent to $13,207,656 in silver; exports, 

 $15,377,460 in silver. The gold value of cotton 

 imports was $588,608; flour, $422,833; liquors, 

 $261,838; preserved foods, $117,126; iron wares, 

 $169,888; silk goods, $106,808; gold and silver 

 coin, $439,704. Th*e value in silver of the coffee 

 exported was $14,062,598; bananas, $93,246; hides, 

 $55,891. Of the imports, $1,549,146 came from the 

 United States, $937,839 from Germany, $648,445 

 from Great Britain, and $217,337 from France. Of 

 the coffee exported, 498,270 quintals went to Ger- 

 many, 180,000 to Great Britain, and 128,473 to the 

 United States. The number of vessels entered at 

 Guatemalan ports in 1898 was 825, and 845 were 

 cleared, nearly all United States vessels. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The rail- 

 road from Champerico to Retalhuleu, 32 miles, 

 was extended to San Felipe. New lines between 

 Port Barrios and Iztapa and the capital have re- 

 cently been undertaken, and the line from the 

 port of Iztapa has been completed, the Govern- 

 ment paying a subsidy of 1,630 a mile. An 

 American company had 130 miles of the other 

 line (210 miles in total length) in operation in 

 1898, receiving a subsidy of $40,000 a month. 



The number of letters, cards, papers, parcels, 

 etc., dispatched through the post office during 

 1898 was 2,769,543; received, 2,771,035. There are 

 3,126 miles of telegraphs. The number of messages 

 sent during 1898 was 653,462. 



H 



HAWAII, a Territory of the United States, 

 formerly an independent kingdom. Queen Liliuo- 

 kalani, the last sovereign, having proclaimed 

 alterations in the Constitution favorable to the 

 lative Kanaka population which threatened the 

 ascendency of the whites, was forced to abdicate 

 VOL. XL. 19 A 



by a revolution in which the United States naval 

 forces intervened by a demonstration that was 

 construed as menacing. Liliuokalani declared that 

 she yielded to superior force, and afterward ap- 

 pealed to the President of the United States to 

 restore her throne. The revolutionary party, most 



