290 



HAWAII. 



of whose leaders were descendants of American 

 missionaries, proclaimed in January, 1893, a pro- 

 visional government to carry on affairs pending 

 annexation to the United States. On July 4, 1894, 

 a republic was constituted in which native Hawai- 

 ians and white residents who could read and write 

 either Hawaiian or English had the right to vote 

 indirectly for Senators and members of the House 

 of Representatives. On Aug. 12, 1898, in accord- 

 ance with a joint resolution of Congress, the Ha- 

 waiian Islands were formally annexed to the 

 United States, an annexation treaty having, on 

 June 16, 1897, been signed at Washington by 

 envoys of the Hawaiian Republic and John Sher- 

 man, Secretary of State, in which it was stipulated 

 that, until Congress should provide for the gov- 

 ernment of the islands, the civil, judicial, and 

 military powers were to be vested in such persons 

 and exercised in such manner as the President 

 of the United States should direct, and the power 

 was conferred on nim to remove officers and fill 

 vacancies. The United States assumed lawful 

 debts of the Hawaiian Government not to exceed 

 $4,000,000. The existing Government of Hawaii 

 was confirmed, and its members continued in office 

 for such period as existing customs relations of 

 Hawaii with the United States and other countries 

 remain unchanged. Until otherwise determined 

 by Congress the municipal laws of the republic 

 were continued in force so far as they were not 

 inconsistent with the treaties or the Constitution 

 of the United States, but all treaties of the Ha- 

 waiian Government forthwith ceased and deter- 

 mined. Chinese were henceforth to be excluded 

 from Hawaii in accordance with the law of Con- 

 gress prohibiting their ingress into American ter- 

 ritory, and the Chinese already in Hawaii were 

 barred from immigrating into the United States. 

 In accordance with the recommendations of a 

 commission appointed to recommend legislation 

 for the Hawaiian Islands all whites, including Por- 

 tuguese, all persons of African descent, and all 

 descendants of the Hawaiian race, either on the 

 paternal or maternal side, who were citizens of the 

 Hawaiian Republic were declared citizens of the 

 United States. There were 2,687 electors on the 

 register in 1897. President Sanford B. Dole and 

 all the administrative and judicial officers were 

 continued in their functions. For military pur- 

 poses the islands were attached to the department 

 of California. The Cabinet was composed in the 

 beginning of 1900 of the following members: 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Public Instruc- 

 tion, E. A. Mott-Smith; Minister of the Interior, 

 J. A. King; Minister of Finance, S. M. Damon; 

 Attorney-General, H. E. Cooper. 



Area and Population. The area and popula- 

 tion of the different islands on Sept. 27, 1896, 

 were as follow: 



The total population was composed of 72,517 

 males and 36,503 females. There were 31,019 na- 

 tive Hawaiians, 8,485 Hawaiians of mixed blood, 

 24,407 Japanese, 21,016 Chinese, 15,191 Portuguese, 

 3,086 Americans, 2,250 English, 1.534 Germans, 

 and 1,420 of various other nationalities. 'The re- 

 ligion of 26,363 was Roman Catholic: of 23,773 

 Protestant; of 4,886 Mormon; of 44,306 Buddhist, 



Confucian, Shinto, etc.; of 10,192 unknown. The 

 immigration in 1894 was 8,114, and emigration 

 5,477; immigration in 1895 was 8,090, and emi- 

 gration 4,636; immigration in 1896 was 13,984, 

 and emigration 6,857; immigration in 1897 was 

 11,379, and emigration 6,504; immigration in 1898 

 was 17,229, and emigration 7,313. Most of the later 

 immigrants are Japanese, brought under contract 

 to labor. The total population was estimated in 

 1898 at 117,281. The native Hawaiians are rapid- 

 ly declining in numbers, owing to excessive infant 

 mortality. On June 1, 1900, the population of the 

 islands was 154,001, showing an increase of 41.2 

 per cent, in four years. This increase was due to 

 the influx of newcomers and the growth of the 

 alien and mixed population. The number of pure 

 Hawaiians in 1853 was 71,019. The smallpox, 

 measles, and other contagious diseases which for- 

 merly decimated them because they are peculiarly 

 susceptible to infectious disorders are now held in 

 check, and so is leprosy, to which a great many 

 fell a prey in later times. One cause of the de- 

 clining number of pure Hawaiians is their frequent 

 intermarriage with Americans, Portuguese, Japa- 

 nese, Chinese, and other foreigners. Oahu in 1900 

 had 58,504 inhabitants, two fifths of them living in 

 Honolulu. Hawaii had 46,843, the large expansion 

 of the sugar industry having drawn immigrants 

 to that island in numbers sufficient to increase its 

 population 75 per cent, since 1890. The popula- 

 tion of Maui, where nearly all the tillable land 

 has been brought under cultivation and produc- 

 tion, has been enormously increased by irriga- 

 tion, was 25,416, showing a growth of 30 per 

 cent, in four years. Kaui, where there are rich 

 sugar and rice plantations and good pasture lands, 

 with a very small native population, had 20,562 

 inhabitants. Molokai, on whose north shore two 

 leper settlements are situated, and the neighboring 

 little island of Lanai showed the smallest increase 

 in population, having together 2,504. Niihau, 

 which is practically owned by one white man, had 

 only 172 inhabitants on an area of 97 square miles. 

 The percentage of increase in the entire group was 

 71.1 per cent, in ten years. The population of 

 Honolulu was 39,306, having nearly doubled in 

 the decade and grown into a modern seaport with 

 street cars, electric lighting, and good architecture 

 from a native village of 3,000 souls since the first 

 coming of the missionaries in 1810. 



Finances. The revenue in 1898 was $2,568,489 

 and expenditure $2,186,278. The chief items of 

 revenue were $896,975 from customs, $811,818 from 

 taxes, and $1,585,057 from internal revenue duties. 

 The chief expenditures were $102,659 for the public 

 debt, $229,115 for education, $54,534 for the army, 

 $239,157 for public works, $194,966 for sanitation, 

 and $241,031 for the Attorney-General's office. 

 The debt on Jan. 1, 1899, amounted to $4,457,605, 

 paying from 5 to 12 per cent, interest. 



Commerce and Production. Sugar is the 

 principal product, and next in importance comes 

 rice. Coffee has been planted extensively, and 

 bananas are largely grown. Hides and skins and 

 wool are exported in considerable quantities. The 

 soil, composed of volcanic detritus and alluvium, 

 is exceedingly fertile. The growth of the sugar 

 industry has been the chief factor in promoting 

 the extraordinary increase in the population and 

 wealth of the Hawaiian Islands, which are n<>\\- 

 the third largest producer of cane sugar in the 

 world. Nearly all the money invested in agri- 

 culture has been put into sugar plantations. The 

 production of raw sugar in 1899 was 282,807 tons, 

 having nearly doubled in five years. There were 

 51 plantations, employing about 40,500 laborers, of 

 whom 30,000 were Japanese, 6,000 Chinese, 2,150 



