298 



INDIA. 



E. H. H. Collen, Sir A. C. Trevor, C. M. Riyaz, 

 Sir Edward Fitzgerald Law, and Thomas Raleigh. 

 Gen. Sir W. S. A. Lockhart was commander in 

 chief of the fofces. The Governor of Bombay was 

 Sir Henry Stafford Northcote; Governor of Ma- 

 dras, Sir A. E. Havelock; Lieutenant Governor of 

 Bengal, Sir John Woodburn ; Lieutenant Governor 

 of the Northwest Provinces and Oudh, Sir A. P. 

 Macdonnell; Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab, 

 Sir W. M. Young; Lieutenant Governor of Burmah, 

 Sir F. W. R. Fryer; Chief Commissioner of the 

 Central Provinces, 1). C. Ibbetson; Chief Com- 

 missioner of Assam, H. J. S. Cotton; Chief Com- 

 mi>sioner of Coorg and Resident of Mysore, Col. 

 1). Robertson; Resident at Hyderabad, Sir T. J. 

 C. Plowden. 



Area and Population. The area of British 

 India is 965,005 square miles, and the population 

 in 18!)1 was 221,289,445, of whom 71,340,987 were 

 in Bengal, 46,905,085 in the Northwest Provinces 

 and Oudh, 20,866,847 in the Punjab, 5,476,833 in 

 Assam, 542,358 in Ajmere and Merwara, 35,630,- 

 440 in Madras, including the Laccadive Islands, 

 18,857,044 in Bombay and Sind, 44,079 in Aden 

 and Perim, 10,784,294 in the Central Provinces, 

 2,897.491 in Berar, 173,055 in Coorg, 4,658,627 in 

 Lower Burmah, 3,063,426 in Upper Burmah, 15,609 

 in the Andaman Islands, and 27,270 in the dis- 

 trict of Quettah. The feudatory states had a total 

 area of 992,000 square miles, with 69,286,000 in- 

 habitants, making the total area of the Indian 

 Empire 1,957,000 square miles and the total popu- 

 lation at the last census 290,575,445. 



Of the population of British India 112,542,739 

 were males and 108,630,213 females; of the popula- 

 tion of the native states, 34,184,557 were males and 

 31,865,922 females. Of the total male population 

 of India, amounting to 146,700,000, the number 

 reported as married was 62,100,000, widowed 6,400,- 

 000, unmarried 65,100,000, and 13,100,000 were not 

 reported; of the female population, 140,500,000 in 

 number, 62,400,000 were married, 22,700,000 wid- 

 owed, 43,600,000 unmarried, and 11,800,000 not re- 

 ported. The birth rate in 1897 as near as the im- 

 perfect registration indicates was 36.94 per thou- 

 sand and the death rate 32.94 in Bengal, the birth 

 rate 31.10 and the death rate 40.46 in the North- 

 west Provinces and Oudh, the birth rate 42.60 and 

 the death rate 31.05 in the Punjab, the birth rate 

 26.80 and the death rate 69.34 in the Central Prov- 

 inces, the birth rate 31.82 and the death rate 26.26 

 in Lower Burmah, the birth rate 32.59 and the 

 death rate 50.61 in Assam, the birth rate 28.70 

 and the death rate 25.40 in Madras, and the birth 

 rate 33.46 and the death rate 39.84 in Bombay. 

 The number of coolie emigrants from India was 

 17,185 in 1891, 13,751 in 1892, 12,636 in 1893, 

 17,932 in 1894, 13,103 in 1895, 12,148 in 1896, 

 10,712 in 1897, and 10,306 in 1898. The number 

 of scholars receiving instruction in India in 1891 

 was 3.195,220, of whom 2,997,558 were males and 

 197,662 females; the number not under instruction 

 who were able to read and write was 12,097,530, 

 of whom 11,554,035 were males and 543,495 fe- 

 males; the number of those who were not able to 

 read and write was returned as 246,546,176, of 

 whom 118,819,408 were males and 127,726,768 were 

 females, and 25,384,505, comprising 13,356,295 

 males and 12,028,210 females, were not reported. 

 The expenditure on education in 1898 was Rx 

 3,554,026, having risen from Rx 67,100 in 1865. 

 Of the amount expended in 1898 the sum of Rx 

 567,120 came from local rates, Rx 146.972 from mu- 

 nicipalities, Rx s.'i I .>.")') from subscriptions and en- 

 dowments, Rx 1.05K.214 from fees, and Rx 930,464 

 from provincial revenues. The Indian universi- 

 ties are examining bodies having supervision over 



numerous colleges. In all the provinces are train- 

 ing schools for teachers. The following numbers 

 of students were matriculated in the universities 

 in 1898: Calcutta, 2,721; Madras, 1,515; Bombay, 

 1,042; Punjab, 1,082; Allahabad, 637. There were 

 160 colleges with 19,192 male students and 4 with 

 118 female students, 4,883 secondary schools with 

 509,125 male scholars and 450 with 42,016 female 

 scholars, 388 training and special schools with 21,- 

 604 male scholars and 70 with 2,468 female 

 scholars, 94,827 public primary schools with 2,788,- 

 367 male scholars and 5,680 with 316,216 female 

 scholars, and 41,083 private schools with 536,521 

 male scholars and 1,284 with 38,648 female schol- 

 ars, making the total number of 148,829 schools, 

 with 4,274,275 scholars, 3,874,809 males and 399,- 

 466 females. The number of vernacular news- 

 papers in 1897 was 758, printed in Hindi, Bengali, 

 Marathi, Telegu, Sanskrit, Tamil, Gujrattti, Sindhi, 

 and twelve other languages. 



Finances. The revenue in 1898 was Rx 96,- 

 442,004 and the expenditure Rx 101,801,215, of 

 which Rx 76,481,391 were expended in India and 

 Rx 25,319,824 in England. The revenue of the 

 Government of India was Rx 17,249,537, and the 

 expenditure of the General Government was Rx 

 25,088,712; the revenue of the Central Provinces 

 was Rx 2,120,483, and expenditure Rx 2,932,356; 

 the revenue of Burmah was Rx 6,368,294, and ex- 

 penditure Rx 4,185,849; the revenue of Assam 

 was Rx 1,341,107, and expenditure Rx 986,998; the 

 revenue of Bengal was Rx 20,288,493, and expendi- 

 ture Rx 10,324,105; the revenue of the Northwest 

 Provinces and Oudh was Rx 11,183,480, and the 

 expenditure Rx 6,702,003 ; the revenue of the Pun- 

 jab was Rx 9,015,123, and expenditure Rx 5,069,- 

 422; the revenue of Madras was Rx 14,142,046, and 

 expenditure Rx 10,209,315; the revenue of Bom- 

 bay was Rx 14,430,724, and expenditure Rx 10,982,- 

 631; the receipts in England were Rx 193,662, and 

 expenditure in England Rx 16,198.263; the gain 

 by exchange on receipts in England was Rx 109,- 

 055, and loss by exchange on remittances to Eng- 

 land Rx 9,121,561. The land revenue in 1898 was 

 Rx 25,683,642, not reckoning the addition charged 

 on account of irrigation; opium revenue, Rx 5,- 

 179,772; revenue from salt, Rx 8,594,225. The 

 land revenue in the parts of India where it was 

 fixed permanently a century ago, comprising most 

 of Bengal, a quarter of the area of Madras, and 

 certain districts in the Northwest Provinces, is 

 about 20 per cent, of the renting value of the 

 land, averaging two thirds of a rupee per acre. In 

 the rest of India the assessment, readjusted at 

 intervals of twelve to thirty years, averages 1 

 rupee per acre, amounting to half the rental. 



The revised estimates for the year ending March 

 31, 1899, made the total revenue^Rx 101,566,100 for 

 that year, the land revenue yielding according to 

 the estimate Rx 27,679,400/opium Rx 5.679,400, 

 salt Rx 9,047,200, stamps Rx 4,839.900, excise Rx 

 5,731,000, provincial rates Rx 3,952,100, customs 

 Rx 4,898,400, assessed taxes Rx 1.930,100, forests 

 Rx 1,838,000, registration Rx 454,000, tribute Rx 

 939,700, interest Rx 970,100, post office and tele- 

 graphs Rx 3,054,400, civil departments Rx 1,748,- 

 400, miscellaneous sources Rx 984,700, railroads 

 Rx 22,736,400, irrigation Rx 3,461.700, building 

 and roads Rx 696,400, military departments i;\ 

 924,800. The total expenditure' for 1899 according 

 to the revised estimates was Rx 97,506,700: ex- 

 cluding .Rx 1.417,900 of provincial balances it \\a> 

 Rx 96,088,800, of which interest took Rx 3.<>7;.- 

 800, refunds and compensation Rx 1,853,400, 

 charges of collection Rx 8,858,900. the post ollice. 

 telegraphs, and mint Rx 2,800.900. civil salaries 

 Rx 15,715,900, miscellaneous civil charges Rx 5,- 



