ITALY. 



311 



intention, great numbers leave Italy every year to 

 work in other countries, mainly on railroads, em- 

 bankments, excavation, and masonry. Many of 

 those who go to other parts of Europe for this 

 purpose do not return, but sail for America from 

 foreign ports. Many others return who have lived 

 in America and saved a capital sufficient to estab- 

 lish themselves at home by acquiring a piece of 

 land or discharging the mortgage on land already 

 held. Out of 282,732 emigrants in 1898, Piedmont 

 contributed 21,743, of whom, however, 13,630 were 

 temporary; Liguria 3,292, including 170 tempo- 

 rary; Lombardy 17,707, of whom 11,515 were tem- 

 porary; Venetia 102,462, but 94,184 were tempo- 

 rary; Emilia 15,268, of whom 10,003 were tem- 

 porary; Tuscany 14,259, the temporary ones num- 

 bering 9,401 ; the Marches 4,307, including 224 

 temporary; Umbria 1,066, including 370 tempo- 

 rary; Lazio 2,491, including 189 temporary; 

 Abruzzi and Molise 15,151, including 3,585 tem- 

 porary; Campania 32,057, including 6,806 tempo- 

 rary; Apulia 3,387, including 1,546 temporary; 

 Basilicata 8,052; Calabria 15,153, including 29 

 temporary; Sicily 25,579, of whom 4,259 were tem- 

 porary ; and Sardinia 58, of whom 34 were tempo- 

 rary. The total number of temporary emigrants 

 was 155,945. About 2,000,000 Italians had settled 

 abroad before 1891. 



The state universities are Bologna, with 66 pro- 

 fessors in 1898 and 1,507 students; Cagliari, with 

 32 professors and 241 students; Catania, with 48 

 professors and 906 students; Genoa, with 64 pro- 

 fessors and 1,256 students; Macerata, with 11 pro- 

 fessors and 310 students; Messina, with 45 pro- 

 fessors and 591 students; Modena, with 45 pro- 

 fessors and 435 students; Naples, with 81 professors 

 md 5,465 students; Padua, with 71 professors and 

 1,588 students; Palermo, with 61 professors and 

 1,222 students; Parma, with 42 professors and 550 

 students; Pavia, with 53 professors and 1,321 

 students; Pisa, with 56 professors and 1,087 stu- 

 lents; Rome, with 75 professors and 2,300 stu- 

 lent's; Sassari,with 24 professors and 148 students; 

 Siena, with 31 professors and 231 students; and 

 Turin, with 68 professors and 2,551 students. Be- 

 sides these are the free universities of Camerino, 

 with 18 professors and 234 students; Ferrara, with 

 22 professors and 77 students; Perugia, with 26 

 professors and 320 students; and Urbino, with 14 

 professors and 100 students, making the total num- 

 ber of 21 universities, with 962 professors and 

 22,440 students. Of the young men called up for 



ailitary service in 1897, the proportion of illiter- 

 ates was 37.38 per cent., showing that the law of 

 compulsory education has not been well enforced. 

 Formerly it was not applied in communes where 

 the supply of teachers was less than 1 to 1,000 

 inhabitants. Among the persons married in 1897, 

 the proportion of males who could not sign their 



lames was 32.98 per cent., and of females 52.13 



er cent. 



Although the Italian Government is pre-em- 

 inently secular and has curtailed the authority of 

 the Church and antagonized the papacy, and al- 

 though it has recognized the right of all creeds to 

 freedom of worship, Roman Catholicism is still the 

 religion of practically all Italians except the minor- 

 ity who reject religion altogether. There were 

 at the last census about 22,000 belonging to the 

 ancient Waldensian Church of Piedmont, 10,000 

 Evangelicals, and 30,000 who had been converted 

 to Protestantism by foreign missionaries. The 



lumber of Jews was 38,000. The educational in- 

 stitutions are controlled by the Government, which 

 also supports the public schools or shares their 

 cost with provinces and communes. The law .de- 



lands that children be sent to school between the 



ages of six and nine. There were 50,526 primary 

 schools in 1896, with 51,526 teachers and 2,379,349 

 scholars ; 9,000 private schools, with 9,565 teachers 

 and 210,074 scholars; 4,687 evening schools, with 

 4,848 teachers and 151,369 scholars; 214 higher 

 schools for girls, with 1.765 teachers and 7,319 

 scholars; 148 normal schools, with 1,622 teachers 

 and 24,152 scholars; 332 lyceums, with 1,852 teach- 

 ers and 17,689 scholars; 708 gymnasia, with 4,732 

 teachers and 59,578 scholars; 74 technical insti- 

 tutes, with 1,314 teachers and 10,274 scholars; 381 

 technical schools, with 2,574 teachers and 37,305 

 scholars; and 21 schools of navigation, with 183 

 teachers and 957 scholars. 



The Army. In the levy for 1897 the number 

 of young men who reported for examination was 

 376,945, of whom 192,103 were put back for a 

 year, 85,256 were rejected as unfit for service, 

 104,829 were drawn for active service, 551 were 

 assigned to the permanent army on leave, and 

 94,215 were enrolled in the territorial militia. 

 Young men having a superior education are ad- 

 mitted as one-year volunteers on paying 2,000 lire 

 a year if they join the cavalry or 1,500 lire in the 

 other arms. Noncommissioned officers are engaged 

 for five years of service, and if they serve twelve 

 years they are entitled to civil employment after 

 retiring. The age at which recruits are taken into 

 the permanent army is twenty-one years, and the 

 term of active service is five years for carabineers 

 and two or three years for the others. The 12 

 army corps have their headquarters at Turin, Ales- 

 sandria, Milan, Genoa^ Verona, Bologna, Ancona, 

 Florence, Rome, Naples, Bari, and Palermo. The 

 Ninth Corps, at Rome, has 3 divisions, the others 

 2. There are 96 regiments of infantry of the line, 

 12 regiments of bersaglieri, 7 Alpine regiments, and 

 88 military districts; the carabineers consist of 11 

 territorial legions, 1 recruiting legion, and 1 mount- 

 ed squadron; cavalry 10 regiments of lancers, 14 

 regiments of light horse, and 6 squadrons, with 4 

 depots for remounts; artillery 24 field artillery 

 regiments, 1 regiment of horse artillery, 3 mounted 

 brigades, 1 brigade of train, 1 regiment of moun- 

 tain artillery, 22 brigades of coast and fortress 

 artillery, and 5 companies of mechanicians; en- 

 gineers 5 regiments, 10 companies of train, and 

 6 companies of railroad engineers. The mobile 

 militia consists of 51 infantry regiments, 20 bat- 

 talions of bersaglieri, 38 companies of Alpine 

 troops, 31 squadrons of cavalry, 63 field batteries, 

 78 companies of coast and fortress artillery, 21 

 companies of artillery train, 54 companies of en- 

 gineers, and 4 companies of train. The territorial 

 militia consists of 324 battalions of infantry, 22 

 Alpine battalions, 100 companies of fortress artil- 

 lery, 30 companies of engineers, and 4 companies 

 of royal carabineers. There are 14,084 officers in 

 the permanent army, including 250 on half pay; 

 9,914 officers on leave assigned to the mobile mili- 

 tia, besides 1,048 auxiliary and retired officers, and 

 10,719 half-pay and reserve officers for the terri- 

 torial militia. Of the mobile militia, 2,016 were 

 under arms in 1899, and of the territorial militia, 

 5,394. The strength of the permanent army was 

 310,602 men with the colors and 503,857 on un- 

 limited leave; of the mobile militia, 465,349; of the 

 territorial militia, 1,941,918; total, including offi- 

 cers, 3,257,491. The African corps numbered 6,750 

 troops, of whom 5,465 were natives. 



The Navy. The five monster armor clads of 

 the Italian navy the Duilio, Dandolo, Lauria, 

 Andrea Doria, and Morosini were built before 

 1887, and although the smallest of them displaces 

 11,138 tons, and their armor is 18 and 22 inches 

 thick at the water line, and their heavy guns are of 

 17-inch bore, and their speed is from 15 to 17 J 



