

M1VART, ST. GEORGE. 



MONTANA. 



391 



hv many eminent predecessors, while " leaving lit- 

 tle to be found out by succeeding naturalists in the 

 animals with which he dealt." The results of these 

 investigations began to appear in 1867 in a series 

 of memoirs on the anatomy of the insectivora, 

 which were published in the Journal of Anatomy 

 and Physiology for 1867 and 1868 and in the Pro- 

 ceedings of the Zoological Society for 1871. In the 

 .seventies, in the latter serial there also appeared 

 ;i Memoir on the Axial Skeleton of the Struthion- 

 id;p,a second on that of the I'elecanidce^nd a third 

 on the structure of the fins of the elasmobranch 

 fishes and the nature and homologies of vertebrate 

 limbs generally. Subsequently turning his atten- 

 tion to the carnivora, he published in 1882, in the 

 Zoological Proceedings, two papers dealing with the 

 classification, distribution, and anatomy of the 

 jpliiroid carnivora, arid in 1885 there followed an- 

 other paper in which the arctoid carnivora were 

 treated in a similar manner. In 1890 three papers 

 on the Canidce appeared in the same Proceedings, 

 and as late as 1896 two others on the bony struc- 

 ture of certain lories and parrots. These and 

 many other papers, some fifty in all, contain the 

 results of Dr. Mivart's original investigations, 

 which, taken together, have materially advanced 

 our knowledge of the structure and relationships 

 of the higher animals, while they ?t the same time 

 form a broad and enduring basis for his scientific 

 reputation. 



But extended and valuable as the work they 

 record undoubtedly is, these memoirs represent 

 only a small part of his published writings. Be- 

 sides the articles on Apes, on the Skeleton, and on 

 Reptiles, written for the ninth edition of the Ency- 

 clopedia Britannica, he was a frequent contribu- 

 tor to several of the leading English periodicals, 

 such as the Quarterly, Fortnightly, and Contem- 

 porary Reviews and the Nineteenth Century, and 

 the author of a considerable number of scientific 

 books, several of which have been widely read. 

 His first work, the Genesis of Species, appeared in 

 1871, and Avas so well received that a second edi- 

 tion was called for in less than a year. It is in this 

 volume that the author sets forth certain original 

 views on the subject of evolution in general, and 

 natural selection in particular, which called out a 

 good deal of pointed criticism at the time from the 

 followers of Darwin. Denying to the principle of 

 natural selection a controlling influence in the evo- 

 lution of living forms, Dr. Mivart insists on the 

 guiding action of a Divine power, advocates the 

 rmition theory, but at the same time takes care 

 to distinguish between absolute and derivative cre- 

 ation, and claims that it is with the latter only 

 that the evolutionist is concerned. He also urges 

 the view that while man's body is the result of 

 evolution, no such origin can be made to account 

 for his intellect. His second book, Lessons in Ele- 

 mentary Anatomy, was published in 1872; Man 

 and Apes, in 1873; Lessons from Nature and Con- 

 temporary Evolution, in 1876; The Cat, 1881 ; Na- 

 ture and Thought, 1883; The Origin of Human 

 Reason, 1889; A Monograph of the Canidaj, 1890; 

 Birds, 1892; Types of Animal Life, 1893; and An 

 Introduction to the Elements of Science, 1894. 



Whether combating the hypothesis of natural 

 selection or writing on the relations of science and 

 religion. Dr. Mivart's books, and particularly his 

 essays in the magazines, reached and influenced a 

 wide circle of readers. His style/ was clear and vig- 

 orous, impressive in its earnestness, and although 

 much that he wrote was of a controversial charac- 

 ter and on subjects that took strong hold of the 

 feelings, his articles were always marked by a dig- 

 nity, a respect for fact, and a regard for his oppo- 

 nents that deserved, as they received, the warmest 





appreciation. Indeed, it is believed by many who 

 are familiar wfth his work that his success as a 

 popular writer on his favorite subjects is quite up 

 to, if it does not overshadow, his achievements as a 

 discoverer. 



There is nothing in Dr. Mivart's career that 

 affords a better example of the true scientific 

 spirit by which he was animated than the manner 

 in which he met only a short time before his death 

 an attempt to coerce his religious views. Though a 

 consistent Catholic for many years, he late in life 

 became somewhat restive apparently, under what 

 he regarded as illiberal and unprogressive tenden- 

 cies in his Church, particularly in its attitude to- 

 ward science. The feeling seemed to grow upon 

 him, until at length he ventured to criticise, in a 

 public way and from a scientific standpoint, certain 

 doctrines of the Catholic faith with which he was 

 unable to agree. This was done, as he afterward 

 explained, with the purpose of testing the ques- 

 tion whether it was possible for liberal Catholicity 

 to maintain itself and make headway Within the 

 Roman communion. For this he was violently as- 

 sailed by a leading Catholic newspaper, and, feeling 

 that he had been made the victim of a gross injus- 

 tice, he appealed to Cardinal Vaughan for redress. 

 A considerable correspondence ensued, in which 

 demands were made upon him that he would not 

 obey, the controversy finally resulting in his forced 

 retirement from the Church. Dr. Mivart's part in 

 this correspondence indicates that for some years a 

 conflict had been steadily growing in his mind be- 

 tween the force of private judgment and the neces- 

 sity of submission to authority. In the end the 

 former proved too strong to be overcome, and, true 

 to his mature convictions, he quietly accepted the 

 consequences. 



Personally, Dr. Mivart is described as a man of 

 fine presence and the possessor of a charm of man- 

 ner that was alike conspicuous before an audience, 

 in the discussions of the scientific society, and in 

 the ordinary intercourse of dailv life. 



MONTANA, a Western State admitted to the 

 Union Nov. 8, 1889; area, 146,080 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial census 

 since admission, was 132,159 in 1890, and 243,329 

 in 1900. Capital, Helena. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers in 1900: Governor, Robert B. Smith; 

 Lieutenant Governor, A. E. Spriggs; Secretary of 

 State, T. S. Hogan; Treasurer, T. E. Collins; 

 Auditor, T. W. Poindexter, Jr. ; Attorney-General, 

 C. B. Nolan; Superintendent of Education, E. A. 

 Carleton all elected on a fusion ticket of Demo- 

 crats and Populists; Adjutant General, Charles 

 F. English; Commissioner of Agriculture and 

 Labor, J. H. Calderhead; Land Commissioner, 

 H. D. Moore; Mine Inspector, John Byrne; 

 Boiler Inspector, Frank A. Burns; President 

 of the Board of Sheep Commissioners, Thomas 

 H. Power; Bank Examiner, J. G. Moroney; 

 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Theodore 

 M. Brantley, Republican; Associate Justices, W. 

 H. Hunt, Republican, who resigned and was suc- 

 ceeded in June by Robert L. Word, and W. T. 

 Pigott, Democrat; Clerk, Henry G. Rickerts, 

 Democrat. 



The State officers are elected for terms of four 

 years in November of the years of presidential 

 elections. The term of justices of the Supreme 

 Court is six years. 



The Legislature meets biennially in January of 

 the odd-numbered years. 



Population. Following is the population of 

 the counties as returned for the census: Cas- 

 cade, 25,777; Beaverhead, 5,615; Broadwater, 

 2,641; Carbon, 7,533; Choteau, 10,966; Custer, 



