NETHERLANDS. 



NEVADA. 



403 





guilders from tin, 2,150,000 guilders as the share 

 of the Government in profits of the Billiton Com- 

 pany, 935,000 guilders from railroads, and 1,552,- 

 034 guilders from other sources. Receipts in the 

 colonies were 18,815,000 guilders from sales of 

 opium, 17,939,000 guilders from import, export, 

 and excise duties, 20,130,300 guilders of land 

 rcxciiue. 11,770,000 guilders from railroads, 0,411,- 

 300 guilders from sales of coffee, 9,2(59,000 guilders 

 from sales of salt, and 34,84(5,000 guilders from 

 all other sources. The army and navy expendi- 

 ture amounts to about a third of the whole, and 

 administrative expenses to about a third. 



The strength of the army in the beginning of 

 1898 was 1,421 officers and 41,157 noncommis- 

 sioned officers and privates. European and na- 

 tive soldiers are mingled in the same regiments 

 and battalions, though in separate companies, 

 and the cavalry is composed of both, while in the 

 artillery the gunners are Europeans and the riders 

 natives. Soldiers of the army of the Netherlands, 

 with the permission of their officers, can receive 

 their discharges in order to enlist in the colonial 

 army, and the rate of pay is high enough to at- 

 tract others, both Dutchmen and foreigners, in 

 Europe besides Europeans in the East Indies 

 and half-castes, who stand on an equal footing 

 with Europeans. Among the total number of en- 

 listed men in 1897 were 15,839 Europeans, 52 

 Africans, 3.934 Amboinese, and 21.332 natives. 

 The number of horses was 1/478. In the native 

 companies half the noncommissioned officers 

 must be Europeans, and all the commissioned 

 officers are who are in active service, commis- 

 sions being given to the native nobility only as 

 honorary titles. Each infantry battalion is com- 

 posed of four companies, one or two of them 

 European companies. The naval force is in part 

 provided and maintained by the Netherlands Gov- 

 ernment. The Indian navy contains 21 ships, 

 manned by 1,450 Europeans and 750 natives; 

 the auxiliary squadron from the Netherlands of 

 4 ships, manned by 1,000 Europeans and 200 na- 

 tives. 



The soil is mostly Government property in 

 Java, excepting in the western section, where 

 Europeans and Chinese have acquired private es- 

 tates. The private landowners as well as the 

 Government can require the natives on their land 

 to give one day's labor every week by the old 

 law, but the Government in 1882 commuted the 

 right on most of its lands into a tax of 1 guil- 

 der per annum. The laborers are bound, however, 

 by strict labor laws, which are thoroughly en- 

 forced by the officials, both European and na- 

 ti\r. There were 4,899,924 acres under rice in 

 1897. 4,010.092 acres under corn, arachis, cotton, 

 and various crops, 229,894 acres under sugar 

 cane, 240,308 acres under tobacco, 51,707 acres 

 under indigo; total cultivated area, 9,440,925 

 acres. During 1897 the Government leased for 

 seventy-five years 845.171 acres of waste lands to 

 720 European companies and individuals, 31,927 

 acres to 45 Chinamen, and 3,041 acres to 6 na- 

 tives. On such lands and on lands owned by 

 Europeans or Chinese or leased from native 

 owners the sugar crop is grown, the Govern- 

 ment having given up the culture in 1891. There 

 are 2,066,0(52 acres now the property of Euro- 

 peans, 645,417 acres belonging to Chinese owners, 

 and 33,087 acres owned by other Orientals. The 

 quantity of sugar produced in 1897 was 12,206,052 

 pounds. The yield of coffee was 68,338,400 

 pounds raised by forced labor on Government 

 land. 12.047,200 pound raised by natives for 

 themselves, 70,223.600 pounds grown on leased 

 lands, and 4,994,666 pounds grown on private 



estates; total, 156,503,866 pounds. The produc- 

 tion of cinchona was 325,887 kilogrammes on 

 Government land, 2,910,718 kilogrammes on 

 leased land, and 116,497 kilogrammes on private 

 plantations. The production of tobacco was 17,- 

 112,831 kilogrammes on 106 plantations in Su- 

 matra, and 16,354,372 kilogrammes on 87 planta- 

 tions in Java. Of tea, 4,205.576 kilogrammes 

 were produced on 86 plantations; of indigo, 

 802,402 kilogrammes on 138 plantations. Tin is 

 mined by the Government in Banca and by com- 

 panies in Billiton and Riau. The production has 

 increased from 12,200 tons in 1892 to 15,600 tons 

 in 1897 and 17,569 tons in 1898. The output of 

 coal, which is mined in Java, Sumatra, and 

 Borneo, was 28,897 tons in 1897; of mineral oil, 

 2,429,588 hectolitres. There were 2,643,000 buf- 

 faloes and 2,572,000 oxen in Java in the begin- 

 ning of 1896, and the number of horses was 485,- 

 500. 



The Government imports were 5,172,145 guil- 

 ders of merchandise; the private imports, 167,296,- 

 526 guilders of merchandise and 9,236,877 guil- 

 ders of specie; total imports, 181,705,548 guilders. 

 The Government exported 18,305,874 guilders' 

 worth of merchandise in 1897, and private mer- 

 chants 191,160,334 guilders of merchandise and 

 939,070 guilders of specie; total exports, 210,414,- 

 278. Half the rice exports go to Borneo and 

 China, and the rest to the mother country, 

 whither are shipped nearly 80 per cent, of all 

 other exports, including coffee, tin, tobacco, tea, 

 indigo, svigar, and cinchona. 



There were 3,887 steamers, of 1,479,720 tons, 

 and 206 sailing vessels, of 132,039 tons, entered at 

 the Dutch East Indian ports during 1897. The 

 length of the railroads, both Government and 

 private, in the beginning of 1898 was 1,200 miles: 

 receipts in 1897 were 15,237,000 guilders. There 

 were 6,833 miles of telegraph lines, over which 

 655,190 messages passed in 1897. In that year 

 telephone communication was established between 

 the cities of Batavia, Samarang, and Sourabaya. 



Guiana. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, is ad- 

 ministered by a Governor, who is assisted by an 

 Executive Council of official and private members, 

 all appointed by him, and the Colonial States, 

 partly nominated and partly elective. The area 

 is 46,060 square miles; population, 65,168, nearly 

 half of them living in Paramaribo, the capital. 

 The revenue raised in the colony from import, 

 export, and excise duties, taxes on land and 

 houses, personal taxes, and other sources 

 amounted to 2,174,000 guilders, which was sup- 

 plemented by a subvention of 177,000 guilders 

 from the Netherlands Government. The total ex- 

 penditure was 2,351,000 guilders. The militia 

 numbers 2(5 officers and 356 men, and there is a 

 coast guard of 66 officers and 1.294 men, and a 

 garrison of 22 officers and 320 European troops. 

 The production of sugar was 11,624,974 kilo- 

 grammes in 1897; of cacao, 3,424,513 kilo- 

 grammes; of bananas, 562,040 bunches; of coffee, 

 281.876 kilogrammes; of rum, 1,000,741 litres; of 

 molasses, 1,370,110 litres. There were 330 conces- 

 sions for gold-mining, and gold was exported in 

 1897 to the amount of 1,178.070 guilders, the pre- 

 vious exports since the mines were first opened in 

 1876 having been 21,872,450 guilders. Several 

 companies have begun crushing quartz. The to- 

 tal value of imports in 1807 was 5,204.424 guil- 

 ders; exports, 5,241,671 guilders. During the 

 year 248 vessels, of 107,153 tons, were entered, 

 and 253. of 108.088 tons, cleared. 



NEVADA, a Western State, admitted to the 

 Union Oct. 31, 1864; area, 110.700 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial cen- 



