

OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (FALOUIEKE FORBES.) 



517 



Falguiere, Jean Alexandra Joseph, a French 

 sculptor, born in Toulouse, Sept. 7, 1831; died in 

 I'aris, April 19, 1900. He studied under Joulfroy, 

 whom he succeeded in 1882 at the Academy of 

 Fine Arts, exhibited in the Salon of 1857, obtained 

 the Home prize in 1859, and in 1805 sent home 

 the Vainqueur au Combat des Coqs. his most fa- 

 mous piece of sculpture, which was purchased by 

 the state. Others of his works are a statue of 

 Lamartine at Macon, one of Gambetta at Cahors, 

 Admiral Courbet at Abbeville, Lafayette at Wash- 

 ington, and Alphonse Daudet at Nlmes, this last 

 completed immediately before his death. He exe- 

 cuted numerous symbolical and historical sculp- 

 tures of striking merit, designed public monu- 

 ments, made many portrait busts, and was also 

 u painter of repute. He became a professor in the 

 National School of Art in 1882. 



Falk, Paul, a German statesman, born in 

 Metschkau, Silesia, in 1827; died in Hamm, West- 

 phalia, July 7, 1900. He was the son of a Lutheran 

 pastor, and was educated for the law at the Uni- 

 versity of Breslau, graduated as doctor, and ap- 

 pointed in 1847 public prosecutor at Lyck, East 

 Prussia, where he was elected in 1858 to the Prus- 

 sian Diet as a Liberal. He held a post in the 

 Ministry of Justice, left the Chamber, and was 

 appointed appellate judge at Glogau in 1862, re- 

 turned to Berlin in 1808 as a member of the North 

 German Parliament and of the Prussian Diet, w r as 

 appointed reporter and counsel to the Ministry of 

 Justice, and intrusted with the codification of the 

 laws of the North German Confederation, and at 

 the birth of the German Empire was nominated 

 by the Emperor in February, 1871, Prussian Min- 

 ister Plenipotentiary to the Federal Council. In 

 1872, when the conflict began between the German 

 Government and the Roman Catholic Curia that 

 lasted till the death of Pius IX, Bismarck selected 

 Dr. Falk to be his lieutenant and adviser and the 

 representative of the Government in the struggle, 

 having need of a man of firmness and energy and 

 of the most expert knowledge of laws and legis- 

 lation. He was made Minister of Education and 

 Worship, and in January, 1873, submitted to the 

 Prussian Chamber the comprehensive scheme of 

 legislation known as the May laAVS because they 

 woiv passed in May, 1873, which laicized the na- 

 tional schools, restricted the jurisdiction of bish- 

 ops over the clergy, extended the rights of the 

 state regarding the appointment and the disci- 

 pline of the clergy, and dissolved and expelled 

 some of the religious orders. Under the admin- 

 istration of Dr. Falk these laws were applied with 

 such perseverance and thoroughness that a bitter 

 religious conflict resulted, rendering difficult the 

 consolidation and development of the new empire. 

 The Kulturkampf began over the school inspection 

 law, which gave the Government the right to in- 

 spect private as well as public educational institu- 

 tions. The bill was carried through both houses 

 of the Prussian Diet in spite of the determined 

 opposition of the numerous and well-organized 

 Clerical, or Center, party. The Reichstag having 

 passed an act against the Jesuits, Dr. Falk next 

 issued an edict rendering members of their society 

 ineligible for positions as teachers in the Prussian 

 state schools. The general body of the May laws 

 followed next, and for resisting their application 

 the Government did not hesitate to punish bishops 

 with fines and to close seminaries as well as monas- 

 tic establishments. In 1874 the civil contract was 

 rendered compulsory as a part of the marriage 

 ceremony in Prussia. Supplementary legislation 



B "\tonded the May laws. For resisting them the 

 Archbishops of Posen and Cologne and the Bishops 

 >f Paderborn and Treves were sent to prison. The 



Pope declared the laws invalid and forbade the 

 clergy to conform to them, and the imprisoned 

 Archbishop Ledochowski he made a cardinal. The 

 Prussian Government then suspended the stipends 

 of the priests and bishops until they should be 

 ready to sign a pledge to obey the laws. Other 

 severe measures followed, until the clergy were 

 brought to terms and only a dozen bishoprics re- 

 mained vacant in Prussia when Pius IX died in 

 February, 1878. Pope Leo XIII and Prince Bis- 

 marck were alike anxious to bring the conflict to 

 an end, the latter on condition that the Center 

 should support his new commercial and financial 

 policy. Dr. Falk could not remain after the read- 

 justment of amicable relations between the Cath- 

 olic Church and the Government, especially since 

 he had given offense to the Evangelical Protestant 

 Church by his secularizing policy, and had never 

 possessed the full confidence of the Emperor Wil- 

 helm I. His resignation was tendered and accepted 

 on July 14, 1879, and from that date he ceased 

 to play a prominent part in politics, although he 

 was a member of the Prussian Chamber of Depu- 

 ties and of the Reichstag till 1882, when he was 

 appointed president of the provincial court of 

 Westphalia, a post which he filled with distin- 

 guished ability until his death. 



Ferraris, Count Luigi, an Italian politician, 

 born in Sostegno, March 6, 1813; died in Turin, 

 Oct. 21, 1900. He studied and practiced law, and 

 in 1848 was elected to the Chamber from Turin, in 

 which he quickly attained a high position. In 

 1871 he was nominated an Italian Senator, having 

 served as Minister of the Interior in the Menebrea 

 Cabinet of 1869. In the first Cabinet formed by 

 Rudini in 1891 he was Minister of Justice. He was 

 an eminent jurisconsult, and during a long period 

 he was mayor of Turin. 



Fibich, Zdenko, a Bohemian composer, born in 

 Seborschitz, Bohemia, Dec. 21, 1850; died in 

 Prague, Oct. 16, 1900. He studied at Prague and 

 Leipsic, and was a pupil of Vincenz Lachner. He 

 was appointed assistant musical director of the 

 National Theater of Prague in 1876, and in 1885 

 director of the Russian church choir. His operas, 

 which were in Bohemian and were produced in 

 Prague, were: Bakowin (1881); The Bride of 

 Messina (1883); The Storm (1895); Hedy, the 

 Haidee incident from Byron's Don Juan (1896); 

 and Sarka (1898). Other works were: The music 

 of Brchliky's dramatic trilogy Hippodamia (1891), 

 and the symphonic poems Othello, Zoboj and 

 Slavoj, Toman and the Nymph, and Vesna. He 

 was also the author of several orchestral over- 

 tures: Lustspiel Ouverture (1892); A Night on 

 Karlstein, etc. ; Spring Romanza ; and songs and 

 choruses. In 1899 he was appointed dramaturgist 

 of the Bohemian National Theater, Prague. 



Forbes, Archibald, a British journalist, born 

 in Morayshire in 1838; died in London, March 29, 

 1900. He was the son of a Scottish minister, and 

 studied in the University of Aberdeen, after which 

 he enlisted in a dragoon regiment. When the 

 Franco-German War broke out the London Daily 

 News sent out the young Scotch journalist, who 

 had practical experience of military life, to follow 

 the German army. Sir W. H. Russell, by his let- 

 ters to the London Times from the Crimea, had 

 won a standing for the war correspondent as inde- 

 pendent chronicler and military critic and opened 

 a new and important field of newspaper activity 

 and influence. Archibald Forbes impressed upon 

 the new profession the character and style, and 

 gave it the direction that its best exponents have 

 followed since he sent his letters from the front 

 in 1870. A vivid and rapid presentment of the 

 broad features of the campaign, of the object of 



