OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (MAX M(JLLER.) 



529 



the grade of brigadier, and on his return to Spain 

 in 1870 lie led a command with equal activity and 

 skill against the Carlist insurgents. He accepted 

 Don Amadeo, the Italian King, although he had 

 always been identified with the Conservatives. 

 NVhen Amadeo was forced to abdicate, and the 

 federal republic was set up, Martinez de Campos 

 made himself so conspicuous by his open and con- 

 temptuous hostility to the new order that he was 

 not only deprived of his command, but imprisoned 

 in a fortress. When the garrison of Madrid un- 

 der Pavia's command overthrew the federal re- 

 public Martinez de Campos requested permission 

 to serve against the Carlists in any capacity, and 

 the Government of Serrano released him and 

 made him military governor of Gerona with the 

 rank of general of division. He fought against 

 the Carlist bands until the Salmeron ministry ap- 

 pointed him captain general of Valencia. The 

 city declared itself a canton, and he bombarded 

 it and entered with his troops on the fifth day; 

 advanced soon afterward on Cartagena, but re- 

 turned to Valencia to suppress a Carlist rising, 

 and when that was accomplished marched to the 

 relief of the garrison of Alicante, to prevent a 

 cantonal government being established there; op- 

 posed with energy the proposal of the local au- 

 thorities to invoke English interference, and 

 when the republican Government in Madrid as- 

 sented to such a step he sent in his resignation, 

 which was accepted. After this he scarcely con- 

 cealed his Alfonsist principles, and tried to per- 

 suade Gen. Concha, to whom Marshal Serrano 

 had resigned the command of the army, to pro- 

 claim the King. Concha hesitated and Canovas 

 del Castillo thought the time not yet ripe. Mar- 

 tinez de Campos commanded a division under the 

 Marquis del Dueuo, and fought the sanguinary 

 battles of Muiiecas and Galdanes, extricating 

 himself with difficulty on the day on which Gen. 

 Concha fell at Estella, and afterward covering the 

 retreat to Tafalla. His royalist sympathies were 

 so well known that Serrano recalled him in spite 

 of his services against the Carlists, and again 

 placed him on the retired list. The Minister of 

 War vouched for his fidelity, but his intrigues 

 could not be long concealed, and imprisonment 

 would have been his lot if he had not forestalled 

 the action of the Government by hurrying to 

 Murviedo, where his cousin, Luis Daban, had a 

 command, and with these troops issuing a 

 pronunciamiento for King Alfonso XII on Dec. 

 29, 1874. The Serrano Government at once gave 

 way to the monarchy, and the general who had 

 brought about the restoration was naturally se- 

 lected for the most important command, that of 

 captain general of Catalonia, where he had full 

 direction of the operations against the Carlists. 

 As soon as the army was sufficiently organized 

 and trained to take the offensive against the Carl- 

 ist forces he advanced in the spring of 1876, and 

 by a series of flanking movements drove the 

 Carlist army out of Arragon, Navarre, and Bis- 

 caya over the French border, and thus ended the 

 civil war. For this, service he was made a field 

 marshal, and by his own desire was sent to put 

 down the revolution in Cuba. He was entrusted 

 with complete discretionary powers, and he 

 brought about the peace of Zanjon more by prom- 

 ising to secure for the Cubans the removal of their 

 main grievances than by his operations in the 

 field. The Government at home refused to carry 

 : out the reforms for which he had pledged his 

 word, and consequently he resigned the post of 

 Captain General of Cuba, and returned to Spain 

 in 1870. Canovas del Castillo, who was then 

 Prime Minister, gave up his post to Martinez de 

 VOL. XL. 34 A 



in 



Campos rather than let him communicate his 

 indignation to the army. He did not long re- 

 main at the head of affairs, nor did he accomplish 

 the objects he had in view, and the experiment 

 seems to have opened his eyes to the difficulties 

 that beset Spanish statesmen and determined him 

 to remain a soldier to whose political views the 

 chiefs of both political parties paid the greatest 

 deference because he alone could control the 

 army. He controlled the King and afterward the 

 Queen-Regent and all the political powers, and 

 could make Canovas or Sagasta Premier when- 

 ever he was displeased with the action of the 

 party in office. To bring about his Cuban re- 

 forms he accepted the post of Minister of War in 

 the Sagasta Government of 1881, with no greater 

 success than before, and thereafter he never held 

 a Cabinet office. In September, 1893, an anarchist 

 threw a bomb "that slightly wounded him while he 

 was reviewing his troops at Barcelona. In the 

 same year he took command in Morocco when the 

 Moors attacked Melilla. In this campaign he 

 was not successful, but the Government would 

 not venture to recall him, and he negotiated the 

 terms of peace with the Sultan in 1894. In 1895 

 he was made captain general of New Castile in 

 order that he might deal with the military riots 

 in Madrid, and when a fresh revolution was 

 started in Cuba the task of dealing with it was 

 given to him. Here he met the same difficulties 

 as before. His troops would not undergo the 

 privations and dangers necessary to deal with the 

 elusive tactics of Gomez and Maceo, and yet the 

 Spanish Cortes could not be induced to grant self- 

 government to Cuba and by so doing deprive 

 Spanish trade of a monopoly and Spanish poli- 

 ticians of fat offices. His conciliatory measures 

 and promises of reform could have no effect, be- 

 cause the Spanish Government had broken faith 

 before, and when he tried offensive tactics neither 

 he nor his men had the heart for the work. When 

 his army was practically shut up in Havana at 

 the end of a year's fighting he was recalled, and 

 Gen. Weyler was sent out to prosecute the war 

 with more energy. In Madrid he defended his 

 policy of conciliation from his seat in the Senate, 

 and declared that if the Government would let him 

 cariy it out in good faith he would make it suc- 

 cessful. In the early part of 1899 he was elected 

 president of the Senate, holding that office to the 

 end. He played a singular role in Spanish poli- 

 tics, influencing and sometimes deciding the pol- 

 icy of each party in turn, liked quite as well by 

 his political opponents as by his own party, and 

 popular among all classes of Spaniards. He made 

 both of the constitutional parties in Spain after 

 first setting the present dynasty on the throne, 

 but could get neither party to carry out his views. 

 Almost' at any moment he could have had the 

 premiership from either party or from a new fu- 

 sion party of his own creation, but when he w r as 

 Premier his subordinate ministers circumvented 

 him, and at all times the subtle politicians frus- 

 trated the policy he sought to impose, whether 

 in domestic or in colonial affairs. 



Max Miiller. Friedrich, a German Orientalist, 

 born in Dessau, Germany, Dec. 6, 1823; died in 

 Oxford, England, Oct. 28, 1900. He was the son 

 of Wilhelm Muller, the German poet, but in 1850 

 took one of his Christian names as a part of his 

 surname. His godfather was Von Weber, the 

 composer, and he was at first destined to become 

 a musician, but Mendelssohn advised him to 

 " keep to Greek and Latin." He was educated at 

 the Universities of Berlin and Leipsic, and in 1844 

 translated the Hitopadesa into German. During 

 a visit to Paris the next year what proved to be 



