OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (Norr OSMAN PASHA.) 



533 



affection of the brain in 1889 that put a stop to all 

 his productivity, and his later years were passed 

 in a torpid condition of mind, in which he showed 

 son 10 quiet enjoyment of music and the beauties 

 of Nature and appreciation of the tender care of 

 his mother, who nursed him at Baumberg, and of 

 his sister, Frau Elisabeth Forster, who tended him 

 in his final decline at Weimar. Before his mind 

 failed he was such an unconscionable skeptic, such 

 an unsparing analyst, that he drove his intellectual 

 companions and admirers away from him, one 

 after another, until he was left in solitude. His 

 earliest published work was an explanation and 

 justification of Wagnerian art entitled Die Geburt 

 der Tragodie aus der Geiste der Musik (1872), 

 distinguishing two kinds of art, one of the dream, 

 illustrated by Homer and Greek sculpture, the 

 other the phrenetic kind, to which belongs tragedy. 

 In his early period he wrote also Unzeitgemassen 

 Betrachtungen, four volumes of essays, the first in 

 1873, the last in 1876. In his period of wandering 

 and mental rebellion he began with Menschliches, 

 Alzumenschliches, Morgenroth, and Die frohliche 

 Wissenschaft, produced between 1878 and 1882, 

 full of his famous aphorisms that sound the abysses 

 of the soul, analyze in a sentence confusing prob- 

 lems, and make sport of all that is held sacred or 

 hallowed by tradition. Psychological and ethical 

 problems engage his attention most, and the ac- 

 cepted morality and the holy traditions of Euro- 

 pean civilization he finds to be all the basest super- 

 stition, which he seeks to trace historically and 

 to explain by the new theories of natural science, 

 but finds philosophical explanations of later. In 

 Also sprach Zarathustra he first unfolded the doc- 

 trine of the Uebermensch, the goal of an endless 

 progressive evolution of humanity that never is 

 reached because the same conditions return. In 

 Jenseits von Gut und Bose (1886) and Zur Genealo- 

 gie der Moral (1887) he expounded a new doctrine 

 f morality, heathen and Roman in its origin, the 

 orality of lordship, the glorification of force, far 

 appier and more fruitful than the Christian 

 orality, which with its self-abnegation and hope 

 of future happiness is the morality of slavery. 

 This idea he carried to the most cynical conclu- 

 sions in his ironical contempt for the sentimental- 

 ism of the age. In Der F"" Wagner (1888) and 

 Gotzendammerungen; oder, Wie man mit dem 

 Hammer philosophirt (1889) he treated the prob- 

 lems in a still more radical fashion, applying his 

 skeptic iconoclasm in a bitter and cruel polemic 

 against his former friend, and in these books the 

 approach of insanity is discernible in this attack 

 and in the predominance given to the examination 

 of morbid conditions and questions of decadence. 

 He concludes that we are physiologically false, 

 have inborn impulses and tendencies of a contra- 

 dictory nature. Der Wille zur Macht, ein Versuch 

 zur Umwertung aller Werte, which was to be his 

 great work, was only begun when his mind became 

 clouded, and Antichrist, the fiercest attack on 



I Christianity written in modern times, was left un- 

 finished. 

 Nott, Cicely (Mrs. Sarah Ann Adams), an Eng- 

 lish actress, died in London, Jan. 3, 1900. In early 

 youth she was a singer of remarkable popularity 

 in Julien's promenade concerts. She made her 

 first appearance at Plymouth in 1854, and soon 

 was engaged by Samuel Phelps and played Ophe- 

 lia. Ariel, and other singing characters during 

 that actor's tour of Ireland. She was similarly 

 engaged in Edinburgh in 1856 and 1857. She 

 married in the last-named city Signor Pio Bellini, 

 a singer and composer. With her husband she 

 became a member of Mr. Nye Chart's musical 

 company in Brighton in 1858, and there her hus- 





II 



band died. A'fter a term of retirement from the 

 stage, during which she traveled in Germany, she 

 again joined Mr. Chart's company in 1800, and 

 was for a short time a member of the company at 

 the Theater Royal, Manchester. Her first appear- 

 ance as an actress in London was at the Lyceum 

 with Miss Lydia Thompson in the burlesque Little 

 Red Riding-hood, as Colin, the Little Boy Blue, 

 Dec. 26, 1861. While engaged at this theater, 

 where she played some years, she married Samuel 

 Adams and again retired from the stage, only to 

 return in 1869 at the opening of Charing Cross 

 Theater, when she played Pollio in William S. 

 Gilbert's burlesque of Norma, then first presented. 

 She retired to private life again about 1880, and 

 devoted herself to the care of her children. 

 . Osman Pasha, a Turkish soldier, born in 

 Amasia, in Asia Minor, in 1837 ; died in Constan- 

 tinople, April 4, 1900. He was of pure Turkish 

 race, and entered the military academy at Con- 

 stantinople in 1850, leaving it as an officer of cav- 

 alry in 1854. In the war with Russia that began 

 soon after he served under Omer Pasha. In 1860 

 he was engaged in the Lebanon campaign, when 

 under pressure from France and Great Britain the 

 Porte undertook to check the excesses of the 

 Druses and promised a charter of rights for the 

 Maronites. In the Cretan campaign of 1867 Os- 

 man, who had won a high reputation in the army 

 as a fearless and indefatigable soldier, distin- 

 guished himself by capturing the fortified con- 

 vent of Hagia Georgia. He was marked for pro- 

 motion, and after taking part in Redif Pasha's 

 expedition into Yemen in 1874, he received the 

 rank of brigadier general, and in 1876 was ap- 

 pointed to the command of an army corps to oper- 

 ate against the Servians, who were beaten by him 

 one time after another. The Russians intervened, 

 crossing the Danube in July, 1877. Osman con- 

 fronted them with his forces at Plevna, where he 

 erected formidable earthworks in an incredibly 

 short time on the plans of Tewfik Pasha, an ac- 

 complished engineer. With rapid marches he first 

 outflanked the Russians unobserved, and defeated 

 a division of Gen. Krudener's army, and afterward 

 the re-enforcements that were sent up, winning 

 the title of Ghazi, the highest in the Turkish 

 army. Intrenched in the hills, Osman Pasha with 

 60,000 men held the huge Russian army in check 

 for five months. Time and again the Russians and 

 Roumanians attempted to carry the position by 

 assault, and were beaten back with enormous 

 losses. Their crushing superior numbers enabled 

 the Russians to cut off supplies, and by starving 

 the intrepid Turks they forced Osman Pasha to 

 capitulate on Dec. 10, 1877, after the failure of a 

 supreme effort to cut his way through the invest- 

 ing lines. His troops, drawn from all parts of the 

 Ottoman Empire, and all alike in their devotion 

 to him, who held the position without murmuring 

 when their rations were reduced to a third and 

 there was no wood to cook with or warm them- 

 selves, rushed the first Russian intrenchments, 

 were brought to a stop by the enemy's supporting 

 troops, rallied and renewed the attack, and when 

 the marshal, struck by a fragment of a shell, fell 

 from his saddle, broke ranks and fled. Osman 

 signed the capitulation on his litter, surrendering 

 40,000 men. and thus virtually ended the war. 

 The Ghazi, whose heroic defense won the admira- 

 tion of the world, was made a prisoner by his 

 captors, and was held till the conclusion of peace, 

 when he returned to Constantinople and was 

 charged by the Sultan with the task of reorgan- 

 izing the Turkish army. He fortified Constanti- 

 nople in spite of Russian protests. Afterward he 

 was appointed Minister of War, and was loaded 



