OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (SAMORY SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.) 



537 



warmth and admiration and a just appreciation of 

 their faults at the same time. Other works fol- 

 lowed in the series, one printed in 1899 treating of 

 the court of the third Napoleon in 1860, an addi- 

 tional volume being in press when he died. 



Samory, an African chief, died in Libreville, 

 June 2, 1900. Before the advance of the French 

 from Senegal lie was the hereditary ruler of the 

 \Vassulu tribe on the banks of the upper Niger. 

 Profiting by the confusion existing previous to 

 the advent of the French, he made himself master 

 of a vast empire by means of his well-trained and 

 well -equipped army. From the time that the 

 French reached the Niger, in 1884, he tried to 

 oppose their expansion by craft and by force. In 

 1889 he attempted to drive out Capt. Binger, 

 who was exploring and operating on the Niger. 

 French envoys from the Soudan arranged treaties 

 with hiiii 3 which he invariably broke. He in- 

 creased the size of his army by the slave trade 

 and slave raids, and obtained arms and ammuni- 

 tion from the English settlements, where he was 

 regarded not merely as a customer, but as a 

 useful ally to the British in their race for the 

 Niger, who could thwart the more forward and 

 enterprising French. He threatened and attacked 

 the French posts in the Soudan, necessitating the 

 sending of formidable expeditions under Acha- 

 nard, Combes, Humbert, and Monteil, which drove 

 him away and broke up his army several times. 

 But he escaped to the eastward or northward, 

 rallied his army, ravaged new territories in the 

 Soudan, and returned to harass the French posts 

 after the expeditionary forces were withdrawn. 

 In 1895, after Col. Monteil had returned to the 

 Ivory Coast with his column, Samory, with the 

 help of English munitions, extended his power 

 into the northwestern part of Dahomey, and Brit- 

 ish political agents recommended supporting him 

 more openly. The occupation of Mossi and Gu- 

 runsi in 1896 having enabled the French to con- 

 nect their Ivory Coast territory with the Soudan, 

 a plan of campaign was adopted by which the 

 forces coilld close in on Samory from the south 

 and the north. Troops advanced from the south- 

 ern Soudan to drive him westward, and when he 

 attempted to escape to the east after being de- 

 feated at Nzo he was pursued by a flying column 

 under Major Gouraud, which surprised his camp 

 at Guelemon and forced him to surrender on Sept. 

 29, 1898. He was taken to Kayes, and afterward 

 to Libreville; some of his chiefs were found 

 guilty of having assassinated Capt. Braulot, and 

 were shot; others were interned at Timbuctu or 

 in the French Congo. 



Samuel, Sir Saul, an Australian public servant, 

 born in London, Nov. 2, 1820; died there, Aug. 

 29. 1900. He removed to New South Wales in 

 1832, and received his education at Sydney Col- 

 lege, beginning his public career as member of 

 the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 

 1856. He became Colonial Treasurer in 1857, and 

 after serving several times as Treasurer and Post- 

 master General was appointed agent general for 

 the colony in London. He devoted himself espe- 

 cially to the finances of the colony, negotiating 

 important loans and making expenditures in its 

 behalf. He was cautious in his business methods, 

 and enjoyed the fullest confidence of his Govern- 

 ment. In 1898 he was made a baronet, and after 

 his resignation the same year on account of fail- 

 ing health, he continued to reside in London. 



Sanclemente. M. A.. President of Colombia, 

 born in 1815; died early in January, 1900. He 

 was elected on Aug. 7, 1898. and relinquished the 

 active duties of his office into the hands of Vice- 

 President Marroquin. His political rOle began 





when the Conservative party came into power, 

 and, making Nunez, its most eminent leader, chief 

 of the executive, united under one administration 

 the nine states of the Colombian federation. 

 Sanclemente became Governor of the department 

 of Cauca, was elected a member of Congress, and 

 was called by Acting-President Caro into his 

 Cabinet as Minister of the Interior after the death 

 of President Nuilez. When the term expired 

 Sanclemente was nominated and elected President 

 for the sake of harmony, and from his retreat of 

 Anapoima, in Cauca, he exercised a moderating 

 influence. Nevertheless his administration had 

 to cope with two formidable revolutionary up- 

 risings. 



Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Alfred, Duke of, Prince 

 of Great Britain and Ireland and Duke of 

 Edinburgh, born in Windsor Castle, Aug. 6, 

 1844; died in Coburg, July 30, 1900. He was 

 the second son of Queen Victoria of England 

 and the Prince Consort Albert of Coburg. Choos- 

 ing early to follow the profession of a naval offi- 

 cer, he was carefully educated to that end, and 

 was admired for the zeal he showed for his call- 

 ing and for his practical knowledge of seaman- 

 ship, gunnery, and naval affairs generally. He 

 received an allowance of 15,000 a year on at- 

 taining his majority, and 10,000 more was 

 granted by Parliament when he married Maria 

 Alexandrovna, the only daughter of the Czar 

 Alexander II on Jan. 23, 1874. As rear admiral, 

 chief of marine artillery, member of the Privy 

 Council, and holder of other offices, he drew pay 

 from the British treasury in addition to his ap- 

 panage. In 1860 he made a voyage to Cape Col- 

 ony, serving like any other midshipman on board 

 the Euryalus, and receiving royal honors only 

 on shore. When King Otto fled from Athens to 

 escape a revolutionary mob, the Boule unani- 

 mously offered the vacant Hellenic throne to the 

 Duke of Edinburgh, who shortly before had 

 visited the Piraeus in his ship. His election was 

 invalid because England, France, and Russia had 

 agreed, at the foundation of the Hellenic kingdom 

 in 1832, that no scion of their royal houses could 

 ever sit on the Greek throne. In 1867 he received 

 command of the frigate Galatea, on which he 

 visited 'many foreign countries. In New South 

 Wales an Irish Fenian made an attempt to assas- 

 sinate him, March 12, 1868, at a picnic near Port 

 Jackson. He had five children, including one 

 son, Prince Alfred, born Oct. 15, 1874. It was on 

 his son's account chiefly that he accepted the 

 ducal throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on the 

 death of his uncle. Duke Ernst II, who died with- 

 out issue, Aug. 22, 1893. In thus expatriating 

 himself to become a reigning German prince he 

 sacrificed the greater part of his income, retain- 

 ing only his marriage grant of 10,000 a year, 

 wherewith to keep up Clarence House, in which to 

 reside a portion of every year in England. His 

 rank as admiral in the British navy he retained, 

 and after accepting the heirship to the German 

 duchies he was appointed a general of infantry 

 in the Prussian army. His German subjects, who 

 looked coldly on the intrusion of a foreigner, as 

 did also the German princes, grew to like him 

 for complaisant ways that he had never exhibited 

 to the British public. The wedding feasts of his 

 daughters gave delight to the townspeople of the 

 old residence city. Princess Maria married Prince 

 Ferdinand of Roumania in 1893; Victoria was 

 wedded to Ernst Ludwig. Grand Duke of Hesse, 

 in 1894; and Alexandra to the hereditary Prince 

 of Hohenlohe-Langenburg in 1896. The daugh- 

 ters retained the rank and title of princesses 

 royal of Great Britain and Ireland, to be ad- 



