PORTUGAL. 



589 



ich district an American supervisor was ap- 

 pointed. The insular Board of Education consisted 

 of 2 Americans and 3 Porto Ricans. Instead of 

 relying partly on fees for the support of the 

 schools, the Government has made education per- 

 fectly free, but not compulsory, because there 

 are not yet schoolhouses and teachers enough. 

 Children are taught the English language and 

 American history. 



PORTUGAL, a kingdom in southwestern Eu- 

 rope. The throne is hereditary in the family of 

 Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. The legislative power is 

 vested in the Cortes, consisting of a Chamber of 

 Peers, containing 52 hereditary, 13 spiritual, and 

 90 life peers, and a Chamber of Deputies, contain- 

 ing 120 members elected directly by all citizens 

 possessing an elementary education or an income 

 of 500 milreis. The reigning King is Carlos I, 

 born Sept. 28, 1833. The Cabinet of Ministers, 

 constituted on Aug. 18, 1898, consisted in the be- 

 ginning of 1900 of the following members: Pre- 

 mier and Minister of the Interior, Jose Luciano 

 de Castro; Minister of Foreign Affairs, F. A. da 

 Veiga Beirao; Minister of Finance, M. A. de 

 Espregueira; Minister of Justice and Worship, J. 

 M. d'Alpoim; Minister of War, Gen. Sebastiao 

 Custodio de Sousa e Telles; Minister of Marine 

 and Colonies, A. E. Villaga; Minister of Public 

 Works, Industry, and Commerce, E. J. Sousa e 

 Brito. 



Area and Population. The area of Conti- 

 nental Portugal is 34,528 square miles, with 

 4,060,095 inhabitants in 1890; area of the Azores 

 and Madeira, 1,510 square miles, with 389,634 in- 

 habitants; total area of the kingdom, 36.038 

 square miles, with a total population of 5,049,- 

 729. The population included 27,000 Spaniards, 

 5,000 P>razilians, 2,500 French, 1,786 English, 800 

 Germans, and 800 Italians. The emigration in 

 1898 was 230 to Europe, 4 to Asia, 21,422 to 

 America, and 1,854 to Africa; total, 23.510. The 

 birth rate in 1896 was 31.24 and the death rate 

 23.71 per thousand. 



Finances. The revenue for 1899 was 52,288,- 

 835 milreis, and expenditure 56,307,080 milreis; 

 the estimated revenue for 1900 was 52,373,581 mil- 

 reis, and expenditure 53,919,296 milreis. The esti- 

 mates for 1901 make the revenue from direct 

 taxes 12,249,370 milreis, from stamps and regis- 

 tration 5,506,000 milreis, from indirect taxes 24,- 

 294,050 milreis, from additional taxes 1,098,700 

 milreis, from national property and miscellane- 

 ous sources 3,506,935 milreis, recettcs d'ordre 

 4,383,070 milreis; total ordinary revenue, 51,038,- 

 125 milreis; extraordinary revenue, 1,150.000 mil- 

 reis; total revenue, 52,188,125 milreis. The esti- 

 mated expenditures for 1901 are 9,774,954 milreis 

 for the civil list, the Cortes, and various purposes, 

 19,954,094 milreis for the consolidated debt, 500,- 

 000 milreis for losses by exchange, 3,690.852 mil- 

 reis for the Ministry of Finance, 2,411,051 milreis 

 for the Ministry of the Interior, 1,057,389 milreis 

 for the Ministry of Justice, 5,950,754 milreis for 

 the Ministry of War, 4,377.128 milreis for the 

 Ministry of Marine and the Colonies, 353,596 mil- 

 reis for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4,597,562 

 milreis for the Ministry of Public Works, and 69,- 

 338 milreis for the deposit and consignment office ; 

 total ordinary expenditure, 52.736,728 milreis, ex- 

 traordinary expenditure, 2.112,229 milreis; total 



cpenditure, 54,848,957 ; deficit, 2,660,832 milreis. 



The public debt of Portugal, which was less 



mn 9.500,000 milreis in 1853. had grown in 1890 

 over 428,000,000 milreis. In 1892 the interest 

 the internal currency debt was reduced 30 



er cent., and that on the external gold debt was 

 luced 66 per cent, in 1893. In 1899 the ex- 



ternal debt outstanding amounted to 62,901,275, 

 consisting of 39,472,091 of consolidated 3-per- 

 cent, debt, 1,811,497 redeemable and paying 4 

 per cent., 12,758,887 paying 4J per cent., and 

 the tobacco loan of 8,858,800, also paying 4i 

 per cent. The consolidated internal loan of 58,- 

 951,812, paying 3 per cent., was largely held 

 abroad likewise, and there were 6,143,426 of 

 other internal debts besides 27,579,446 of inter- 

 nal and 2,318,819 of external debt partly in the 

 hands of the Government. The floating debt 

 amounted to 43,822,549 milreis. 



The gold standard was adopted by Portugal in 

 1854, and 7,950,002 milreis of gold coins were 

 struck, but none since 1891. The silver coinage 

 amounts to 30,232,436 milreis; the circulation of 

 Bank of Portugal notes, 68,175,157 milreis. 



The Army and Navy. The peace effective of 

 the Portuguese army is 48 officers and 795 men 

 in the engineers, 298 officers and 4,419 men in the 

 artillery, 276 officers and 4,020 men in the cavalry. 

 1,001 officers and 19,912 men in the infantry and 

 chasseurs, and 10 officers and 557 men in the 

 train and subsistence and health departments, 

 with 81 officers and 297 men attached to reserve 

 depots, making the total 1,804 officers and 30,000 

 men, with 5,404 horses and mules and 144 guns. 

 This does not include 80 officers and 2,176 men 

 in the municipal guards,, nor 136 officers and 

 5,619 men of the fiscal guard. The war strength is 

 stated to be 3,476 officers and 145,639 men, with 

 15,849 horses and mules and 312 guns, formed by 

 raising the strength of the active army to 2,029 

 officers and 82,843 men, with 10,736 horses and 1 

 mules and 216 guns, and calling out the reserve 

 troops, numbering 1,447 officers and 62,796 men, 

 with 5,113 horses and mules and 46 guns. The 

 troops maintained in the colonies, the majority of 

 them natives, number 9,478 of all ranks. 



The Portuguese navy has 1 old ironclad, 5 

 protected cruisers, not all of them completed, 2 

 new and 4 old third-class cruisers, 10 river and 

 16 seagoing gunboats, and 15 first-class and 30 

 small torpedo boats. A national defense com- 

 mittee has raised funds by private contribution to 

 help the Government strengthen the fleet. 



Commerce and Production. In the south of 

 Portugal land is held in large estates and tenant 

 farming prevails. In the north the holdings are 

 small and are more highly cultivated because the 

 peasants either own their land outright or hold 

 it by the ancient custom of aforamento, subject 

 only to a quitrent, for which the owner may dis- 

 train if not paid at the term, though he can not 

 evict unless it remains unpaid for five years. The 

 holder can do what he pleases on the land, and 

 he may sell his tenant right and improvements, as 

 the owner may his right to the quitrent, but in 

 either case the other has the option of purchasing 

 in preference to a third party. Corn and cattle 

 are raised in northern Portugal, in the mountain- 

 ous parts rye, sheep, and goats, wheat and corn 

 in the center, wheat and hogs in the south, where 

 the cork bark is cut, grapes everywhere, olives. 

 figs, and oranges in many places, tomatoes ex- 

 tensively, and a great many potatoes and onions. 

 The fishermen of Portugal have 4,000 boats, and 

 the sardines and tunny that they catch are ex- 

 ported, the value of fish exports in 1898 having 

 been 3,717,606 milreis. The minerals raised in 

 1898 were valued at 1,717,828 milreis, consisting 

 of copper precipitate and ore, sulphur ore. lead, 

 arsenic, tin, manganese, antimony, and iron ores, 

 wolfram, and a little gold and silver. Salt, gyp- 

 sum, lime, and marble are exported. The total 

 value of special imports in 1898 was 50,822.76'.! 

 milreis, and of exports 33,207,165 milreis. The 



