631 



RUSSIA. 



of law submitted by the ministers; by a Ruling 

 Senate, which watches over the general adminis- 

 tration and superintends the judiciary; and by a 

 Jloly Synod, which directs ecclesiastical affairs. 

 The Czar is the head of the Russian Church, which 

 in its doctrines and ritual is identical with the 

 Orthodox Greek, maintaining the relation of a 

 sister Church with the patriarchates of Constanti- 

 nople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alexandria. 



The reigning Emperor of All the Russias is 

 ISicholas II, born May 18, 1868, who succeeded 

 his father, Alexander III, on Nov. 1, 1894; mar- 

 ried, Nov. 20, 1894, to Alexandria, daughter of 

 Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse. The heir pre- 

 sumptive is the Grand-Duke George, brother of 

 the Czar, born May 9, 1871. The Committee of 

 Ministers at the beginning of 1900 was as follows: 

 Minister of the Imperial House and Imperial Do- 

 mains, Gen. W. Freederiksz, appointed in 1898; 

 A istant Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Mura- 

 vii'tf, appointed in 1897; Procurator General of the 

 Holy Synod, K. P. Pobedonostseff ; Minister of the 

 Interior, M. Sipyagin, appointed in November, 

 1899; Minister of Public Instruction, M. Bogo- 

 JepofF, appointed in 1898; Minister of War, Gen. 

 Kurupatkin, appointed in 1898; Minister of Ma- 

 rine, Vice- Admiral Tyrtoff; Minister of Agricul- 

 ture and State Domains, A. S. Yermoloff; Minister 

 of Justice, N. V. Muravieff; Minister of Finance, 

 S. J. Witte; Minister of Railroads and Communi- 

 cations, Prince Hilkoff; Comptroller General, Gen. 

 Lobko, appointed in November, 1899; Minister and 

 Secretary of State for Finland, W. K. de Plehwe. 

 The Grand-Dukes Vladimir, Alexis, and Michael 

 are members of the Committee of Ministers, the 

 president of which is J. N. Durnovo. After the 

 sudden death of Count Muravieff, Count Lams- 

 dorft was appointed on Aug. 7, 1900, director of 

 the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 



Area and Population. The area in square 

 miles and the population of the divisions of the 

 empire are given in the following table: 



The density of population is 193 to the square 

 mile in Poland, 51 in Russia proper, 64 in Trans- 

 caucasia, 43 in northern Caucasia, 20 in Finland, 

 1") in Turkestan, 4 on the steppes, 4 in western 

 Siberia, 2 in the Transcaspian territory. 1 in 

 Sakhalin, 0.7 in eastern Siberia, and 0.3* in the 

 Amur territory. In Russia proper there arc 102.8 

 women to 100 men; in Poland, 98.6; in Finland, 

 102.2; in the Caucasus, 89.fi; in Siberia, 93.7; on 

 the steppes, 89.4; in the Transcaspian territory 

 and Turkestan, 83; in the whole empire, 99.S. 

 The immigration of Russians, including Jews, 

 mi., the United States from 1873 to 1S97 fncludve 

 u.is 722.472. In the seven years from 1801 to 



897 it was 292.032 from Russia proper, 91.994 

 from Russian I'nl.uid. and 24,977 from Finland. 



I lie emigration from Russia in Kurope to Siberia 

 has grown from 20,000 in 1888 to about 150000 



a year. In 1896 the net immigration of foreigners 

 into the Russian Empire was 47,701, and in 1897 

 it was 79,343; the net emigration of Russians was 

 75,118 in 1896 and 80,875 in 1897. 



The Government appropriations for education 

 in 1899 amounted to 51,002,842 rubles, of which 

 4,108,045 rubles were for universities and 9,390,055 

 rubles for intermediate schools. The universities 

 are St. Petersburg, with 2,034 students: Moscow, 

 with 3,693; Kazan, with 781; KharkofT, with 

 1,059; Odessa, with 492; Kieff, with 2,558; War- 

 saw, with 1,085; Yurieff, with 1,320; and Tomsk, 

 with 477. There are 177 gymnasia, with 51.582 

 pupils; 58 progymnasia, with 6,510; 104 real- 

 schulen, with 24,279; 67 normal schools, with 

 C,334; 159 girls' gymnasia, with 44,795; 174 girls' 

 progymnasia, with 22,767 ; 9 girls' middle schools, 

 with 432; 4 girls' normal schools, with 30(i: 4 

 technical military and naval schools, with 930; 

 6 military academies, with 3,502; 25 cadet corp>. 

 with 8,118; 65 Cossack gymnasia, with 2,446; 22 

 Cossack girls' gymnasia, with 1,268; and 11 agri- 

 cultural schools, with 1,449. The Ministry of 

 Railroads maintains 11 technical schools and the 

 Ministry of Finance 16 commercial schools. The 

 institution of the Empress Marie provides for 10 

 gymnasia and 34 institutes. Of the elementary 

 schools under the direction of the Ministry of th< 

 Interior, nine tenths are supported by the loca 

 authorities, a few by private individuals, and th 

 rest by the Imperial Government. They numberec 

 32,708 in 1896, with 53,215 male and 10,708 femal 

 teachers and 1,775,861 male and 504,073 femaL 

 pupils. The Ministry of War had charge of 10,270 

 schools, with 13,186 male and 363 female teachers 

 and 252,373 male and 48,720 female pupils. Other 

 ministries supervised over 500 schools, and 402 

 schools, with 7,311 male and 12,304 female pupils, 

 belonged to various foundations, while the Hoi 

 Synod had 34,836 primary schools, with 24,18 

 male and 4,893 female teachers and 910,760 mal 

 and 205,732 female pupils. The religious semi 

 naries of the Holy Synod were 55 in number. Th 

 training schools for teachers numbered 78, wit 

 4,867 male and 366 female pupils. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue for 18 

 amounted to 1,584,854,000 rubles. The yield of 

 direct taxes was 41,009,000 rubles from land ant 

 forests, 48,167,000 rubles from trade licenses, an< 

 14,624,000 rubles from a 5-per-cent. tax on capital 

 Indirect taxes produced 289,573,000 rubles from 

 spirits, 37,461,000 rubles from tobacco, 58,562,000 

 rubles from sugar, 30,375,000 rubles from ma (dies 

 naphtha, and other exciseable articles, 218,910,000 

 rubles from customs, 36,957,000 rubles from stamps 

 25,907,000 rubles from transfer duties, ami 2:5.- 

 431,000 rubles from passports, railroad taxes, and 

 others. The income from state monopolies was 

 4,085,000 rubles from mining, 13,821,000 rubles from 

 the mint, 27,406,000 rubles from the post ollicc. 

 17,175,000 rubles from telegraphs, and 102.lti4.inio 

 rubles from the sale of spirits. The income from 

 state domains was 16,740,000 rubles from rents. 

 836,000 rubles from sales of lands, 41,473,000 ruble* 

 from the Crown forests, 11.307.000 from the Crown 

 mines, 348,206,000 rubles from railroads, 14.2-l7.<ni<) 

 rubles from Crown capital and banking operations. 

 and 2,372,000 rubles from the share of the Crown 

 in private railroads. The payments of peasant - 

 for the redemption of land we're 3S.018.000 ruble- 

 froin liberated serfs and 48,134.(iun rubles from 

 Crown peasants. The receipts from miscellaneous 

 sources were 12,430,000 rubles for railroad debts. 

 :<2..ViO.OOO rubles for Crown debts. lli.2!)l .000 rubles 

 of aid from municipalities, r>.no2.(ii)<> rubles of mili- 

 tary contributions, and 7,560,000 rubles from vari- 

 ous sources. 





