SALVADOR. 



641 



way, 8,200,000 marks from Denmark, 4,400,000 

 marks from France, 2,100,000 marks from Spain, 

 and 11,500,000 marks from other countries. The 

 value of exports was 178,000,000 marks, of which 

 49,000,000 marks were exports to Russia, 53,900,000 

 marks to Great Britain, 17,000,000 marks to Den- 

 mark, 16,100,000 marks to France, 15,000,000 

 marks to Germany, 7,600,000 marks to Sweden and 

 Norway, 5,300,000 marks to Spain, and 14,100,000 

 marks to other countries. The export of timber 

 was 91,200,000 marks in value; of butter, 27,000,000 

 marks; of paper pulp and paper, 17,200,000 marks; 

 of iron, 4,100,000 marks. The imports of cereals 

 amounted to 44,400,000 marks; of machinery, 19,- 

 300,000 marks; of iron manufactures, 19,200,000 

 marks; of cotton and cotton goods, 13,000,000 

 marks; of woolens, 8,900,000 marks; of coffee, 

 8,800,000 marks; of sugar, 7,600,000 marks. The 

 number of vessels entered at the ports of Finland 

 during 1898 was 8,566, of 1,918,675 tons, of which 

 5,878, of 862,697 tons, were Finnish ; 606, of 90,575 

 tons, Russian; and 2,082, of 965,403 tons, foreign. 

 The number of vessels cleared was 8,588, of 1,927,- 

 605 tons, of which 5,904, of 874,471 tons, were 

 Finnish; 608, of 89,919 tons, Russian; and 2,076, 

 of 963,215 tons, foreign. The mercantile marine 

 of Finland consisted on Jan. 1, 1899. of 1,896 sail- 

 ing vessels, of 271,824 tons, and 236 steamers, of 

 41,043 tons. The length of railroads on Jan. 1, 

 1898, was 2,553 kilometres, all the property of the 

 Government excepting 80 kilometres; the number 

 of passengers carried in 1897 was 4,263,775 ; tons 

 of freight, 1,662,260 - capital cost, 205,556,651 

 marks; receipts, 19,523,972 marks; expenses, 12,- 

 281,655 marks. The number of letters and postal 

 cards carried in the mails in 1897 was 14,053,794; 

 parcels, 2,685,499; newspapers, 13,380,810; regis- 

 tered letters, 1,005,005; receipts, 2,612,777 marks; 

 expenses, 2,246,076 marks. 



The protests of the Finnish estates against the 

 military service law incorporating the Finnish 

 contingent with the Russian army were disre- 

 garded, and in an imperial message they were 

 warned that they must confine their attention to 

 local and economical questions. On the reassem- 

 bling of the Diet at Helsingfors, in February, 1900, 

 tlie representatives of all the four estates firmly 

 declared that they could not renounce their right 

 to self-government, to equal justice, and to the rule 

 of law. The Russian authorities responded by en- 

 forcing the censorship more rigorously against 

 Finnish newspapers. The Finnish estates held 

 that a law, whether fundamental or general, to 

 be valid in the country can be enacted only with 

 the consent of the estates; that neither the insti- 

 tutions of Russia nor its autocratic system have 

 been introduced into Finland, nor have they any 

 force there; that the Russian Council of State 

 can not act as a legislative organ for Finland; 

 that the imperial manifesto and the statutes based 

 upon it are inconsistent with the right of making 

 their own laws, which, according to the Constitu- 

 tion of Finland, belongs to her people: that if a 

 change in the Constitution should in any circum- 

 stances become expedient, this can only be brought 

 about, unless the sanctity of the fundamental law 



be violated, with the co-operation of the estates. 

 The Finns were aware that the law requiring 

 Finnish soldiers to serve in Russian regiments was 

 the prelude to a process of Russification such as 

 has been carried out in Poland and in the Baltic 

 provinces, and that in defending, as well as tlicy 

 could by passive resistance, their constitutional 

 right to legislative autonomy they were fighting 

 for the preservation of their nationality. An im- 

 perial ukase published on June 26, 1900, com- 

 manded the gradual introduction and the use of 

 the Russian language in all the official depart- 

 ments and public offices of Finland, beginning 

 with the Chancery of the Secretary of State and 

 the Senate. Five years were given for the minor 

 and provincial officials to prepare for the adoption 

 of Russian exclusively in their communications 

 with their superiors. Private individuals, how- 

 ever, would "be allowed to use the native tongue 

 freely in all their business with public depart- 

 ments and authorities. For protesting vigorously 

 against this decree the Nya Pressen, Finland's 

 most important newspaper, was suppressed forever. 

 The Finnish Senate refused to promulgate the im- 

 perial manifesto on the ground that it was uncon- 

 stitutional. Although a committee had prepared 

 the decree as early as January, its publication 

 was delayed until after the dissolution of the Diet. 

 When peremptory orders came for the Senate to 

 publish the manifesto, 14 of the Senators resigned 

 and the remaining 7 still held out. The effect of 

 making Russian the official language would be to 

 transfer the higher administration to Russians. 

 The ukase stated that Alexander I, in taking pos- 

 session of Finland in 1808, declared that Finnish 

 and Swedish were to be used as official languages 

 only until such time as Russian could be intro- 

 duced. In a protest signed by the members of the 

 Diet it was urged that Finnish and Swedish were 

 not local languages in subordination to an im- 

 perial language, but the national languages of Fin- 

 land, and when the relations of the grand duchy 

 and Russia had been defined at the meeting of the 

 estates at Berga the Emperor Nicholas recognized 

 the right of the Finns to use their own language 

 in the administration; otherwise the promise em- 

 bodied in a fundamental law that only native-born 

 Finlanders should, with a few exceptions, be Gov- 

 ernment officials would have no meaning. Public 

 meetings in which the. Finns could express their 

 indignation were forbidden, as well as the forma- 

 tion of patriotic associations for the defense of na- 

 tional liberties. Against such denial of the con- 

 stitutional rights of meeting and association the 

 members of the Diet protested in a petition to the 

 Czar. The Secretary of State, as well as the Gov- 

 ernor General, was a Russian not born in Finland. 

 The decision of the Emperor with regard to the 

 petition of the Diet was that it could not be con- 

 sidered because it clashed with the constitution 

 of the Diet and censured administrative measures 

 legally put into force. Governor-General Bobrikoff 

 was informed that he had acted correctly and in 

 accordance with imperial instructions, and the Diet 

 was forewarned that a revision of its constitution 

 in order to define its competency was impending. 



S 



SALVADOR, a republic of Central America, 

 iie legislative power is vested in the National 

 Assembly, a single chamber of 42 members, 3 

 from each department, elected every year by uni- 

 versal suffrage. The President is elected by the 

 direct popular vote for four years. The President 

 VOL. XL. 41 A 



elected for the term beginning March 1, 1899. is 

 Gen. Tomas Rcgalado. The Vice-President is Dr. 

 Prudencio Alfaro. The Cabinet in 1900 was com- 

 posed as follows: Minister of Foreign Affairs and 

 Justice. Dr. F. A. Reyes ; Minister of the Interior. 

 War, and Marine, Dr. Rub6n Rivera; Minister of 



