656 



SPAIN. 



they applied for. The consolidation of the debts 

 incurred during the colonial war was proposed in 

 the budget for 1901, in which an increase of the 

 spirit tax and a revision of pensions were pro- 

 vided for. The total revenue for 1901 was cal- 

 culated at 934,428.380 pesetas, and expenditure at 

 920,498.150 pesetas, leaving a surplus of 7,930,230 

 pesetas, to be used for the purchase of quick-fir- 

 ing guns. The increase in the yield of direct taxes 

 was estimated at 16,500,940 pesetas, that of in- 

 direct taxation at 21,500,000 pesetas, of monop- 

 olies at 7,050,000 pesetas, of state dues at 3,126,- 

 220 pesetas, and of miscellaneous receipts at 250,- 



000 pesetas, the total increase of revenue over 

 1900 being calculated at 48,433,106 pesetas, and 

 that of expenditure at 21,046,329 pesetas. 



The amount of the state debts of Spain in 1899 

 was stated to be 5,820,755,098 pesetas, that of the 

 floating debt of the treasury to be 1,957,326,739 

 pesetas, and that of the colonial debts to be 1,175,- 

 258,000 pesetas, making a total debt of 8,953,339,- 

 837 pesetas. The interest on the state debt was 

 270,854,696 pesetas, on the treasury debt 93,020,- 

 500 pesetas, and on the colonial debts assumed by 

 Spain 54,681,877 pesetas; total interest charge, 

 418,557,139 pesetas. The external debt, included 

 in the above, amounted to 136,700,198, consist- 

 ing of a loan of 144,500 secured on the quick- 

 silver mines, perpetual rentes amounting to 76,- 

 887,638, and 59,008,000 of redeemable bonds. 



The Army. The decree of July 18, 1899, fixed 

 the strength of the regular army at 45,770 infan- 

 try, 12,447 cavalry, 12,834 artillery, 4,115 engi- 

 neers, 1,460 administrative troops, 881 sanitary 

 troops, 405 men in the Royal Guard, 554 in the 

 military academy, and 1,534 in special services; 

 total, 80,000 men, not including 18,140 in the gen- 

 darmery. The war strength is 132,000 infantry, 

 17.156 cavalry, 12,106 artillery, 11,027 engineers, 

 11,140 administrative troops, and 483 sanitary 

 troops; total, 183,972 men. In peace there are 14,- 

 300 horses and mules and 590 guns. The army is 

 organized in 8 regional corps, 3 containing 1 

 division, 3 containing 2 divisions, and 1 contain- 

 ing 3 dydsions of infantry, with a division of cav- 

 alry for 3 of the corps and for 1 a brigade. In 

 the Balearic and Canary Islands and Ceuta 3 

 infantry divisions are maintained, and in Melilla 



1 brigade. Spaniards, when drawn for the army 

 at the age of nineteen, may obtain exemption by 

 paying 1,500 pesetas. There are 13 military col- 

 leges, and the youths from aristocratic families 

 have enjoyed by custom the privilege of entering 

 the army without regard to the needs of the serv- 

 ice. The consequence is that there are officers of 

 every grade who could not find employment even 

 in war, no fewer than 28,000 altogether. 



The Navy. The Spanish war fleet after the 

 losses in the American war was reduced to 1 

 second-class turret ship of 9,918 tons, 2 coast 

 guards of the second class, 4 first-class, 2 second- 

 class, and 3 third-class protected cruisers, 1 third- 

 class unarmored cruiser, 5 destroyers, 4 torpedo 

 gunboats, and 4 first-class and 7 second-class 

 torpedo boats, and 7 second-class gunboats and 

 Miiall vessels of special types. There were in 

 11)00 under construction 2 second-class cruisers, 

 1 third-class cruiser, 1 gunboat, and 4 first-class 

 torpedo boats. The belted cruisers Cataluila, 

 Cardinal Cisneros, and Princesa de Asturias, of 

 7,000 tons, have 12-inch armor on the hull and 

 8-inch protection for the guns, and with engines 

 of 13,000 horse power can make 20 knots, ns can 

 also the deck-protected cruisers Alfonso XIII and 

 Lepanto, of 4.800 tons. The personnel of the navy 

 is 1,002 officers, 725 artificers, 14,000 seamen, and 

 0,000 marines. 



Commerce and Production. Spain produces 

 grain, meat, dairy products, and other foods 

 abundant for the needs of the population, and 

 wine, olives, fruits, and fish to export in large 

 quantities. Besides the industries connected with 

 these there are important textile and metallur- 

 gical industries and a great variety of minor manu- 

 factures. The country is very rich in minerals. 

 Coal is found in Oviedo, Leon, Valencia, and Cor- 

 doba, and in 1898 the production was 1,900.000 

 tons. Iron ores are mined in Vizcaya, Santander, 

 Oviedo, Huelva, and Cordoba, some of them of 

 choice quality, sought by the smelters of other 

 countries; the product in 1898 was 7,125,000 tons, 

 and of pig iron 201,799 tons were produced, and 

 54,500 tons of Bessemer and 58,105 tons of Siemens 

 steel, and of wrought iron and steel 154,900 tons. 

 In former times Spain was pre-eminent in the 

 manufacture of firearms as well as sword blades, 

 but modern weapons are made by newer pro- 

 cesses in other countries. The production of zinc 

 in 1898 was 16,270 tons; of copper ore, 1,388.392 

 tons; of lead ore, 370,000 tons; of calamine, 27,- 

 876 tons; of silver and lead ore, 6,346 tons; of 

 quicksilver, 1,785 tons. Sulphate of soda, sul- 

 phur, cobalt, salt, phosphorus, and other minerals 

 are found also, the total number of mines in 1898 

 being 1,814, employing 79,750 persons. The prepa- 

 ration of sardines gives work to 16,500 people, 

 and the product is worth 15,000,000 pesetas a 

 year, while the fishermen who catch sardines, 

 tunny, cod, and other fish number over 67,000. 

 There are 2,614,000 spindles and 68,300 looms used 

 in the cotton industry of Catalonia, which has 

 now lost its monopoly of the Cuban and Philip- 

 pine markets. In the woolen mills 662,000 spin- 

 dles and 8,800 looms are employed. Of raw silk 

 700.000 kilogrammes were produced in 1898. The 

 production of sugar is about 95,000 tons a year. 

 Of corks 30,000 tons are manufactured. The ex- 

 port of chocolate is considerable. There are nu- 

 merous paper mills, and of their products cigar- 

 ette papers and playing cards are of some impor- 

 tance in the export trade. Leather is also ex- 

 ported. Among the smaller industries, some of 

 them ancient and some of considerable artistic 

 development, which in the aggregate amount to 

 much in Spain's foreign trade, are the making 

 of matches, castile soap, licorice, cream of tartar, 

 perfumery, ornamental metal work, silver jewelry, 

 carved woodwork, shoes, and guitar strings. 

 Spain also exports onions, sponges, almonds, 

 laisins, and Malaga grapes. There were 800,000 

 barrels of grapes exported in 1899, and in 1900 

 the shipments would have been greater if storms 

 had not reduced the crop. The loss of the colonial 

 markets for cottons and other protected manu- 

 factures has been made good by an increase in 

 the trade with South America. The market in 

 the former Spanish colonies for the wines and 

 food products of Spain and for articles charac- 

 teristic of national taste or habit has not been 

 lost. Spain exports a variety of medical drni.'-. 

 amounting to 6,000,000 pesetas, entirely supply- 

 ing the world with some kinds. The trado be- 

 tween Spain and the United States has improved 

 as well as the Spanish trade with other countries. 

 Cotton, wheat, bacon, and sugar are imported 

 from the United States, and tobacco in greater 

 quantities since the imposition of a tariff on 

 Cuban and Manila tobacco. The manufacture 

 and sale of tobacco are a monopoly that was 

 granted to the Bank of Spain in 1887 and ox- 

 tended in 1890 for a period of twenty-live years 

 longer. Although the cultivation of tobacco in 

 Spain is forbidden by law, the managers of the 

 regie have begun experiments in different dis- 



