660 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



Louvre on Sunday, where goods have for several 

 years been neither bought nor delivered on that 

 day, was the subject of a special paper, and was 

 represented as having been found satisfactory in 

 its working. Differences of opinion were mani- 

 fested in the discussion of the question of state 

 legislation to promote Sunday rest and for the 

 protection of men employed in industries, the prin- 

 cipal ground of opposition to such action being 

 that it would be in effect an interference with 

 personal liberty; but complete agreement existed 

 as to the duty of the state to give the weekly 

 rest to its own men. A resolution was passed 

 affirming the right of the state to protect its citi- 

 zens in their privilege of rest, but recognizing the 

 principle that each state should judge as to the 

 expediency and extent of the intervention it might 

 exercise. On the presentation of the report of 

 the Woman's National Sabbath Alliance (United 

 States), the congress advised the formation of 

 similar associations of women in Europe. Other 

 meetings were held in Paris about the same time 

 with this one, but not connected with the exposi- 

 tion, on the religious observance of the Lord's 

 Day, among them the meeting of the International 

 Federation for the Observance of the Sabbath. 



SWEDEN AND NORWAY, two kingdoms 

 in northern Europe, united in the person of the 

 sovereign. The throne in both descends to the 

 heirs of the house of Bernadotte. Affairs com- 

 mon to both kingdoms are referred to a mixed 

 Council of State. The reigning King is Oscar II, 

 born Jan. 21, 1829. The heir apparent is Prince 

 Gustavus, Duke of Wermland, born June 16, 

 1858. 



Sweden. The legislative power is vested in 

 the Riksdag, consisting of the First Chamber, hav- 

 ing 150 members, elected for nine years by the 

 provincial and municipal bodies, and the Second 

 Chamber, having 230 members, elected for three 

 years, 80 in the towns by direct suffrage and 150 

 in the rural districts, a part directly and a part 

 indirectly, by natives of Sweden who own or farm 

 land of a certain value or pay taxes on 800 kronor 

 of income. The Minister of State at the beginning 

 of 1!)00 was E. G. Bostrom, the Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs was C. H. T. A. de Lagersheim, and 

 the Councilors of State and chiefs of the various 

 departments were: Justice, Dr. P. S. L. Anner- 

 stedt; War, J. I. de Crusebjorn; Marine, Com- 

 mander G. Dyrsen; Interior, J. E. von Krusen- 

 stjerna; Finance, Count H. H. Wachtmeister ; Ec- 

 clesiastical Affairs, N. L. A. Claeson ; other Coun- 

 cilors of State, S. H. Wikblad and D. G. Res- 

 tadius. 



Area and Population. The area of Sweden is 

 172,870 square miles. The population was com- 

 puted on Dec. 31, 1899, to be 5,097,402, consisting 

 of 2,486,447 males and 2,610,955 females. The 

 number of marriages in 1898 was 30,900; of births, 

 140,217; of deaths, 79,642; excess of births, 60,- 

 575. The number of arrivals was 7,974 and of de- 

 partures 13,663; net emigration, 5,689. The popu- 

 lation of Stockholm, the capital, was 302,462; of 



<;otoborg. 126,849. 



Finances. The revenue was estimated in the 

 )>ud<;et for 1901 at 145,681,000 kronor, of which 

 960,000 kronor are derived from the land tax, 

 1,500.000 kronor from tonnage dues, 2,200,000 

 krouor from farmed domains, 700,000 kronor from 

 the personal tax, 8,000,000 kronor from net 

 profits on railroads, 1,610,000 kronor from tele- 

 graphs, 5.800,000 kronor from forests, and 1,131,- 

 000 kronor from other resources, all of which are 

 la --od MS ordinary receipts. The extraordinary 

 i>t* are 49,000,000 kronor from domains. 11*- 

 590,000 kronor from the post office, 5,000,000 



kronor from stamped paper, 18,000,000 kronor 

 from the liquor tax, 9,000,000 kronor from the 

 impost on beet sugar, 3,000,000 kronor from the 

 tax on incomes, and 850,000 kronor from various 

 sources. The surplus carried over from former 

 years was 27,340.000 kronor. The total amount 

 of ordinary receipts is 96,440,000 kronor, and of 

 extraordinary receipts 145,681,000 kronor. The 

 total expenditures were estimated at 132,189,700 

 kronor, of which 89,564,993 kronor are called ordi- 

 nary and 42,624,707 kronor extraordinary ex- 

 penditures. Of the ordinary expenditures 1.320.- 

 000 kronor are for the royal household, 3,842,950 

 kronor for justice, 641,950 kronor for foreign re- 

 lations, 28,220,084 kronor for the army, 8,652,295 

 kronor for the navy, 18,019,550 kronor for the 

 Interior Department, including 2,792,963 kronor 

 for administration, 10,750,000 kronor for the post 

 office, 1,610,000 kronor for telegraphs, 1,709,724 

 kronor for hygiene, and 1,156,863 kronor for other 

 expenses, 7,267,675 kronor for the Finance Depart- 

 ment, including 2,982,200 kronor for customs, 

 450,000 kronor for control of excise duties, and 

 3,835,475 kronor for other expenses, 13,361,074 

 kronor for the Department of Worship and In- 

 struction, 4,606,965 kronor for the Agricultural 

 Department, of which 2,279,800 kronor are for 

 forests and 2,327,165 kronor for other expenses, 

 and 3,632,450 kronor for pensions. The extraordi- 

 nary expenditures are 8,442,316 kronor for the 

 army, 13,224,105 kronor for the navy, 7,849,950 

 kronor for the interior, 975,625 kronor for the 

 Finance Department, 1,710,026 kronor for worship 

 and instruction, 2,904,335 kronor for agriculture, 

 1,540,000 kronor for pensions, 5,771,000 kronor 

 for railroads, and 207,350 kronor for other pur- 

 poses. The expenditures of the public debt office 

 are 11,841,300 kronor for interest and amortiza- 

 tion, 1,400,000 kronor for the reserve for insuring 

 workingmen against illness, and 250,000 kronor 

 for the insurance fund against accidents to work- 

 ingmen, which items added to the ordinary and 

 extraordinary expenditure of the Government 

 make the total estimated disbursements balance 

 the estimated receipts. 



The public debt on Jan. 1, 1900, amounted to 

 317,489,122 kronor, borrowed almost exclusively 

 for the construction of railroads, including 48,- 

 799,500 kronor of internal bonds issued in 1887 

 and bearing interest at 3 per cent., 98,663,400 kro- 

 nor outstanding of the foreign loan of 1880, 58,173,- 

 778 kronor of the loan of 1886, 32,741.333 kronor 

 of the loan of 1890, 36,000.000 kronor of the loan of 

 1899, half the authorized issue, all these bearing 

 3 per cent, interest, and 25,111,111 kronor oi tlic 

 international loan of 1888 and 18.000,000 kronor. 

 half the authorized issue, of that of 1894, both of 

 them paying 3 per cent. A new loan of 2,000,- 

 000 sterling was arranged in June, 1900. 



The Army and Navy. The Swedish army N 

 not yet organized on the system of universal lia- 

 bility, although this was enacted in 1802. The 

 cantoned troops are maintained by rural proprie- 

 tors, and the enrolled troops are enlisted for two 

 or three years. The effectives in 1900 wi-i 

 officers and 233 men on the general stall'. l.-J-O 

 officers and 23,792 men in 56 battalions of in- 

 fantry, 232 officers and 4,615 men in 50 squadrons 

 of cavalry, 257 officers and 2.7<;<i men in the field 

 artillery, 30 officers and 497 men in the fortress 

 artillery, 16 officers and 135 men in the Gotland 

 artillery force, 77 officers and 821 men in 9 com 

 panies of engineers, and 66 officers and .~>22 men 

 in 8 companies of train; total active army, l.lMii 

 officers, 684 employees, 1,728 noncommissioned 

 officers, 1,655 musicians, and 33,057 men. with 

 6,891 horses. There were 683 officers in reserve, 



