SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



661 





and the Landwehr was estimated at 250,000, 

 bringing the fighting strength of the nation up to 

 290,412 men of all ranks, not counting 8 classes 

 of Landstorm, comprising men between thirty- 

 two and forty years of age. 



The navy in 1900 consisted of 7 turret ships, 4 

 old armored monitors, 9 old armored gunboats, 



5 torpedo cruisers built since 1897, 3 antiquated 

 corvettes, 9 nearly obsolete first-class gunboats, 1 

 second-class gunboat, and 13 first-class and 9 sec- 

 ond-class torpedo craft. The principal strength 

 of the navy lies in the armored coast-defense tur- 

 ret ships, of which there will be 10. The Svea, 

 of 3,100 tons, launched in 1880, has 11.8 inches of 

 side armor, and carries 2 10-inch guns, 4 4.7-inch 

 quick-firing guns, and 14 smaller ones. The size, 

 the coal endurance, the gun protection, and the 

 speed have been improved gradually in the later 

 ones, while the weight and thickness of the armor 

 have been lessened without lowering its protective 

 value. The Niord and Thor, launched in 1898, 

 have 3,400 tons displacement, armor 9.5 inches 

 thick, a battery of 4.7-inch quick firers, besides 

 the 2 10-inch guns in the turret, and a speed of 

 16.8 knots. The Dristigheten, not yet completed, 

 has 3,500 tons displacement, and the remaining 

 3 vessels will displace 3,650 tons, with 9.5 inches 

 of armor, engines of 5,500-horse power, giving a 

 speed of 17 knots, and the armament adopted for 

 the Dristigheten, consisting of quick-firing guns 

 exclusively, 2 of 8-inch bore mounted in the re- 

 volving turret, and 6 of 6-inch bore. The armored 

 gunboats are being rearmed with 4.7-inch quick- 

 firing guns. The navy is officered by 3 admirals, 



6 commodores, 12 captains, 12 commanders, 62 

 lieutenant commanders, 54 lieutenants, and 26 

 sublieutenants on the active list, and 150 other 

 officers in the reserve. 



Commerce and Industry. The cereal crops 

 of Sweden in 1898 were worth 272,000,000 kroner. 

 The yield of rye was 7,565,500 hectolitres; of 

 wheat. 1,600,500 hectolitres; of barley, 5,217,100 

 hectolitres; of oats, 24,814,400 hectolitres; of 

 mixed grain, 3,721,200 hectolitres; of pulse, 733,- 

 800 hectolitres; of potatoes, 13,575,100 hectolitres. 

 The live stock at the beginning of 1898 consisted 

 of 516,809 horses, 2,548,192 cattle, 1,296,851 sheep, 

 and 802,859 hogs. Of 2,086,119 tons of iron ore 

 raised in 1897 there'were 1,400,801 tons exported. 

 There were 530,893 tons of pig iron produced, of 

 which 72,469 tons were exported, and of bar iron 

 160,282 tons were exported from 309,715 tons 

 manufactured. There were 10,068 tons of silver- 

 lead ore, 25,207 tons of copper ore, 56,636 tons 

 of zinc ore, and 2,749 tons of manganese ore 

 raised. The production of copper was 288,595 

 kilogrammes; of lead, 1,470,509 kilogrammes; of 

 silver, 2,218 kilogrammes; of gold, 113 kilo- 

 grammes. The coal output was 224,343 tons. The 

 total value of imports in 1898 was 455,249,000 

 kroner; of exports, 344,909,000 kroner. The im- 

 ports of coal were valued at 47,064,000 kroner; 

 of rye and wheat, 30,130,000 kroner; of machin- 

 ery," 28,8 10,000 kronor; of coffee, 22.329,000 kro- 

 ner; of iron manufactures, 17,191,000 kronor; of 

 hides and skins, 16,210,000 kronor: of woolens, 

 16,114.000 kronor; of woolen yarn, 10,242.000 

 kronor; of cotton, 10,190,000 kronor; of fish, 

 !).7(>7,000 kronor; of fertilizers, 9,495,000 kronor; 

 of petroleum, 8,815.000 kronor; of vessels, 7,440,- 

 000 kronor; of vegetable oils, 7,268,000 kronor; of 

 cotton goods. 7,220.000 kronor; of wool, 6,323,000 

 kronor; of tobacco, 5,901,000 kronor of pork,5,530,- 

 000 kronor; of wood manufactures, 5,526,000 kro- 

 ner; of silks, 5.111,000 kronor; of bran, 5,096,000 

 kronor; of cotton varn, 5,077,000 kronor; of iron, 

 4,914,000 kronor; of paper, 4,369,000 kronor; of 



wine, 4,306,000 kronor; of oil cake, 4,052,000 kro- 

 nor. The exportation of lumber was 146,402,000 

 kronor; of iron, 45,299,000 kronor; of butter, 39,- 

 952,000 kronor; of wood pulp, 15,534,000 kronor; 

 of stone, 8,840,000 kronor; of machinery, 8,643,000 

 kronor; of paper, 7,836,000 kronor; of joinery, 

 7,742,000 kronor; of fish, 7,596,000 kronor; of 

 matches, 7,179,000 kronor; of iron manufactures, 

 5,827,000 kronor; of oats, 4,254,000 kronor; of 

 glass, 4.233,000 kronor. 



The value in kronor of imports from and ex- 

 ports to the various foreign countries in 1898 is 

 shown in the following table: 



The industrial products of Sweden have in- 

 creased tenfold in value in thirty years, being esti- 

 mated at $275,000,000 in 1897. In wood and iron 

 the country is one of the richest, and water power 

 and electricity make it independent of coal. 

 Local consumption has trebled in thirty years, 

 and in the last few years wages and the cost of 

 living have gone up 30 per cent. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at Swedish ports during 1898 was 34,702, of 7,700.- 

 000 tons, of which 17,810, of 2,862,000 tons, were 

 Swedish; 2,314, of 841,000 tons, were Norwegian: 

 and 14,578, of 3,997,000 tons, were foreign. The 

 total number cleared was 34,621, of 7,673,000 tons, 

 of which 2,858, of 12,366,000 tons, were Swedish; 

 838, of 1,558,000 tons, were Norwegian; and 3,977, 

 of 8,201,000 tons, were foreign. Of the total num- 

 ber entered 14,252, of 3,281,000 tons, were with 

 cargoes; of the number cleared 22,125, of 5,383,000 

 tons, were with cargoes. The number of steamers 

 among the vessels entered was 15,548, of 6,314,000 

 tons, of which 5,412, of 2,705,000 tons, were with 

 cargoes; the number of steamers cleared was 15,- 

 484, of 6,293,000 tons, of which 7,953, of 4,112,000 

 tons, were with cargoes. 



The merchant navy on Jan. 1, 1899, consisted of 

 2,004 sailing vessels, of 291,392 tons, and 817 

 steamers, of 265.994 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 railroads on Jan. 1, 1900, had a total length of 

 6,650 miles, of which 2,290 miles belonged to the 

 Government, and 4,360 miles to companies. The 

 Government lines cost 325,000,000 kronor to con- 

 struct, the private railroads 312,000,000 kronor. 

 The Government railroads carried 7,728.919 pas- 

 sengers and 4,968,360 tons of freight in 1896, pri- 

 vate railroads 12,630,720 passengers and 11,364.- 

 837 tons of freight. The total receipts in 1897 

 were 65,097,537 kronor, and expenses 36,471,958 

 kronor. 



The post office in 1898 carried 64.344,000 in- 

 ternal, 15,871,000 international, and 341.000 tran- 

 sit letters: 7,939,000 internal, 1,376.000 interna- 

 tional, and 51,000 transit postal cards; 120,603,- 

 000 internal, 7,449,000 international, and 125,000 

 transit newspapers and circulars, and 3,580,000 



