772 



WEST AFRICA. 



mining, and trading enterprises. Gold and iron 

 are known to exist. The revenue in 1899 was 

 1,713,000 marks, including a contribution from 

 the Imperial Government. For 1900 the revenue 

 was estimated at 3.245,000 marks. The imperial 

 contribution was 2,003,000 marks, and the local 

 revenue was 1.000,000 marks from customs, 32,000 

 marks from direct taxes, and no.ono marks from 

 other sources. For 1901 the Reichstag has voted 

 1.197.700 marks as the imperial contribution. 

 Tin- Governor in 1900 was J. von Puttkamer. 

 The Imperial Government has given little financial 

 aid of late years to Kami-run, and has kept only a 

 small garrison there. Having determined that the 

 protectorate must pay its own way, it adopted 

 the policy of emu v-sioiis to syndicates, to which 

 the smaller capitalists who had invested money 

 then- objected. An increase in the import duties 

 made in IS!)!) was also a discouraging circum- 

 stance. German planters had invested 8,000,000 

 marks, and have had success with cacao, with 

 coffee on the slopes of the Kamerun mountains, 

 and with tobacco. Their trouble has been to ob- 

 tain laborers; 8,000 are needed, and only 4,000 

 have been found, and most of these are brought 

 from Liberia. Lagos, and Togoland. The Kam- 

 erun natives cost less if they can be induced to 

 work. Revolts occurred in 1900 that made it 

 impossible to get any. An expedition was sent 

 to Adamawa in 1899 to protect the tribes in the 

 center from attack, and while the troops were 

 away the Bali tribe, from which laborers had been 

 recruited, rose in rebellion and destroyed the 

 Catholic mission at Kribi on the coast. In the 

 northern part of the colony all plantations had 

 to discontinue work because no laborers could 

 be obtained in consequence of the destruction of 

 a weak military post by hostile natives. An ex- 

 pedition to the north was first sent out under 

 Capt. von Besser in order to punish the Bangs 

 tribe for murdering the explorer G. Conrau and 

 Lieut, von Queis, who had been left in command 

 of a station and to establish German authority in 

 the .region where the new Northwest Kamerun 

 Company had begun operations. The Bali insur- 

 rection shut out from the coast the Yaunde peo- 

 ple, who were accustomed to bring rubber to the 

 merchants and hire out to the planters for a 

 term before their return, and also the capable 

 Tikar people, who had begun to come down from 

 Adamawa. ('apt. von Dannenberg, temporarily 

 commanding the forces, had not men enough left 

 to punish tlie Bali. The Reichstag voted in favor 

 of adding 100 men to the colonial troops, and 

 the Imperial Government arranged in the budget 

 for the addition of 500 more, raising the total 

 strength from Jan. 1, 1901, to over 1,000 men. 

 The recruiting of labor in Liberia was made dif- 

 ficult and expensive by a tax imposed by the 

 Government of the republic on all laborers who 

 emigrate. The Governor of Togoland stopped 

 the supply even from a German possession, for- 

 bidding the emigration of laborers, but after a 

 conference of persons interested in Kamerun 

 plantations held in Merlin at the invitation of the 

 Government Dr. von Bucka, the director of the 

 Colonial Department, abrogated the decree. 

 Harsh treatment of natives on the plantations 

 was alleged as one cause of the difficulty of ob- 

 taining labor in the back country, and excesses 

 of the troops were said to be one cause of the 

 native risings. Major von Kamptx. the com- 

 mandant, when he returned to Kamerun recalled 

 Capt. von Besser because he was charged with 

 having committed excesses in his punitive expe- 

 dition. 



Togoland has an area of 33,000 square miles 



and a population estimated at 2,500.000. There 

 were 118 Europeans in 1899. The revenue for 1900 

 was estimated at 750,000 marks, of which 20,- 

 000 marks came from direct taxes, 425,000 marks 

 from customs, 35,000 marks from various sources, 

 and 270,000 marks were contributed by the Im- 

 perial Government. The expenditures were 311,- 

 050 marks for salaries, 228.720 marks for ma- 

 terials, and 550,000 marks for public works. The 

 Governor is M. Kohler. The imports in 1S98 were 

 2,490,925 marks, and in IS'.H) they were 3.279.708 

 marks: exports in 1898 were 1,470.454 marks, 

 and in 1899 they were 2,582,701 marks. The mili- 

 tary force consists of 250 native troops with 

 German officers. Palm oil and kernels and gum 

 are the chief exports. Palms have been planted in 

 great numbers, and also coffee shrubs and gum 

 trees. Cattle have been introduced in the hilly 

 back country. In 1899 the number of vessels that 

 visited the ports was 95. of 110,241 tons. Ar- 

 rangements were made in November for the parti- 

 tion of the neutral zone of Salaga between Togo- 

 land and the British Gold Coast colony. Ger- 

 many laid claim to the greater part of tlii- region. 

 but agreed to divide the territory in accordance 

 with the British claims and desires in considera- 

 tion of the relinquishment of the British treaty 

 right to the joint control of Samoa with Germany 

 and the United States. 



Spanish. West Africa. Apart from the 

 islands of Fernando Po, Annanon. Kan ./unit, and 

 Cnrixco, in the Bight of Biafra, Spain possesses 

 territory on the mainland, and has claimed the 

 whole coast line from the Campo river in the 

 north nearly down to the Gabun river, known as 

 the Muni territory, although France has always 

 disputed this claim and has asserted authority in 

 these regions, while Spain has done little in the 

 way of effective occupation. Spain has also since 

 1855 asserted a protectorate over the coast south 

 of Morocco from near Cape Juby. opposite the 

 Canary Islands, to Cape Blanco on the south, 

 the region known as the Rio de Oro protectorate. 

 No limits were laid down to the extension of the 

 protectorate in the interior, and when the doctrine 

 of Hinterland was accepted in the agreements be- 

 tween France, Germany, and Great Britain, it 

 was assumed by Spain that her claim extended in- 

 definitely inland, and asserted a protectorate, 

 which was not made effective, over the Adnir 

 country lying back of the coast. France, however, 

 contested this claim, has made many sacrifices in 

 order to bring under her dominion the whole 

 Sahara, and has always contested the Spanish 

 right to a Hinterland. An agreement was readied 

 early in July, 1900, between the French minister 

 and the Spanish ambassador in Paris which 

 brought to a close the long-standing disputes. 

 In return for concessions on the Guinea coast 

 Spain gave up her pretensions in the western 

 Sahara, abandoning all claim to Adrar and ac- 

 cepting a line between the Spanish and French 

 spheres of influence in northwest Africa to In- 

 drawn in such a manner as to leave the Sebkha 

 Ijil, a saline lake less than 200 miles from the 

 coast, within the French sphere. Of the Rio de 

 Oro and Adrar protectorates. 243.000 square miles 

 in extent, Spain retains less than lOO.Oiii) square 

 miles, and renounces the prospects of extending 

 her influence from the insignificant points on tin- 

 coast where Spanish authority is now exercised. 

 These settlements are under the control of the 

 Governor of the Canary Islands, which are con- 

 sidered for administrative purposes a part of 

 Spain. 



In the south Spain claimed a territory in tin- 

 Rio Campo and Muni valleys of 69,000 -quare 



