



AfcKI.M. : loN. 



of abort 35 pounds weight, including a Mione- 

 Z::?^itWb*rS* flm construction was 

 about 40 pounds, and the 

 half a horn power, and this 

 ifUr Bvmtbs of rnd " tlv 



SlraMClMMlfOtioOir.li little weight. > u |,Ms,urnt 



.... i . ,. . . . MvejB bj o 

 SSsed^riod by rbook>a3d gas; bnt these also 

 MMltobe abandoned, beeause it was f 

 sttNO to bring the weights of the boilers within the 

 l.miia, SleSobollefsw^rrny, win 



the endeavor to aseofs one light enough an 

 kne enough to make sufficient steam. At la- 

 w*I designed which was \ . d of steam, but 



; - .. ; A.r.and 



no and boiler together, without 



: ' : - "V 1 : 1 " 1 , f 'i r 



fuel, and aUut 8 quart* of water supplied the boU- 



f steel tubing, the out ire 



measuring U'i feet from 



.in.l U-mg fixed that i-. not flapping. 



t is slightly miller W> pounds. The 



: n.pellers are each about 4 and 



make HOD t> 1.300 i itions S minute. It had 



to be launched in the face of the wind, and when 



completed was designed to be shot oft" with a 



Spring mechanism from the top of a hou-e boat in 



a dead calm. It could not -tart itself, because of 



the initial 



quired to sustain 'it in the air. Two years and a 

 half were occupied from the time the aerodrome 

 was completed until it was made to soar aw a v as 

 desig yswere spent waiting for dead 



then the spring motor 

 1 unsatisfactory, and another launching de- 

 .: rived and constructed ; then, 

 when a launch was actually made, it was found 

 that I was necessary to preserve 



a in the air. The aerodrome had a way 

 _ off. on an up curve and tumbling over 

 re, or of shooting suddenly down- 

 ward into the water, until it seemed as if it 



; be made to sail properly. At last, in .May. 

 18U6. one day of trial, at which it was exp 



machine would develop the usual or new 



eccentricities, the operators were delighted to see 

 it soar away as steadily as a great bird, describing 

 large curves in the air, and after its water supply 

 was exhausted sink gently d<>\vn (.11 tin- surface of 

 th- r<>t<>inar. without the slightest injury. The 

 trial was immediately repeated, with equally satis- 

 ry results. Several subsequent successful trips 

 have been .made, the most notable i* -ini: >n Nov. 

 28, 1898, v rodrome sailed three fourths of 



a mi'.- -iles an hour, ri-int:. from 



a starting point perhaps 15 feet above th< 

 an elevation of about 100 f '':_'li- is limited 



by the small amount of water carried. Prof. 

 IJingler believes that if a sufficiently li^ht on- 

 denser can be added to preserve the water for use 

 i flight may U* -uMaiiicd for hours. 

 Two French investigators. MM.Tatin and Kid,, t. 

 in 1890. made a test of an air-ship that seems, from 

 the brief dt-Mrriplion sent out. to be somewhat like 

 I^Mgley's. but larger. Steam was used as a 

 motive jK.wer. the engine* being fixed on a car <>r 

 body made of light pine, braced with steel wires, 

 and sustained by two fixed wings or aeroplanes of 

 86 square feet surface. The total weight of the 

 machine was 73 pounds. Two oppositely revolved 

 propellers were used, on,- U-ing placed forward and 

 the other aft. A fixed tail or rudder was employed 

 to steady the flight. The entire apparatus weighed 

 73 pounds, exclusive of fuel and water, and was pro- 

 pelted, entirely by its own motor, for a distance of 

 460 feet, measured in a straight line on the ground. 

 the velocity attained being 59 feet a second. Guided 



|.\ ti uith this machine, they built 



aiioti.- .. Hi which the wi-ak point- \\eiv im- 



i ins so-oiid mechanism -oared or Hew 



IliH.li! I hell it met \\itll ail accident. 



The ma; D this field 



..nd Mali,. i:. 



the 1" t, rather than llamni 



ing wings in imitation of birds. Rudolph Kos,-h.a 

 follower of Lilienthal in experiments with soaring 

 apparatus, dissents from this opinion, ami \\. 



.'i apparatus to demonstrate the truth of 

 his assrrtion. and al-o tlia! circular wings in 

 b.-st f..rm. \l\^ mechanism consist of four cin-u- 

 lar planes or wing-, slightly concave bem-at h. and 

 arranged in pairs, each having a rotary motion 



Rt'DOLPH KOBCH'S MBCHAN18M FOR ILLITRTRATIXO THE POWER 

 Or CIRCULAR WINO8. 



about the upright member, and alsoan up-and-ilown 

 motion, communicated by a man work:: 

 below. Tin- pairs are rotated oppositely. With 

 this apparatus a man of average strength c\ 

 for a short time a lifting strain of 50 pounds, or. to 

 it technically, with an angle of in< -idence of 

 10 and aspeed of ?'J rotations a minute, the dynamo- 

 graph recorded a lift of .">( pounds. The <-ir 

 re made of steel tubing, with 



spokes, and the covering was of cambric. Mr. 

 Kos< h points out that the circular form, which he 

 was the first to construct, gi -Mrface for 



the same weight, of frame than is j. n any 



ot her co nst ruction. T he machine ill i. 

 50 pounds, the planes l.ci; .ndies in dium- 



nincnts suggest that propellers arc 

 best pi. !-y side, as were Maxim's. 



Arthur Stent/e). of ,\1* 

 years of experimenting with soaring apparatus. 



bine in I S !M; that Don 

 semblance to a gigantic butterfly with an cxagger- 



i of the wings was 21 fe. 

 t he surf ace 8f yard-. Oompreeeea carbonic aoid 



the motive fluid used in the cn-n.e. wind, 

 '> horse power at a pressure of '. atmospheres, or 

 1 horse power with -""> atmospheres The machine 

 weighed ?"> founds, and in \i<o was suspended from 

 a safety cable, to guide it in its fliL'ht and prevent 



damage by fall-. When the wing< were flapped 

 with 1 hpne power, the machine advanced 10 feet 

 along the cable at each stroke of the winirs; with 

 1$ horsepower the advance was ]'> feet to each 

 stroke, in l-:i seconds, the machine being lifted clear 

 of the cable. The machine showed good stability 



