Ann: 



have a peculiar c- bird 



certain mai* or writ - l*angley 



calbatt, : 'I.*: bird* -ar in up cur- 



rents of air. *nd by taking mlv M niAp- <>f 



i itt at (he higher elevation*. Ho itoad- 

 vit the u> of the propeller rather thnn Happing 



.:::.'. Defu f the futureof 



...!,,! ; : li. .i>- II,, > 



mr will cany freight. and 



wnoo* nooawfull - i an invention of 





...Uil flit 



. ' ' 



ri and in- 



Mi : ... " M to 



A a billtoaecure . at, on. It 



BroTided for the girinff of $100,000 ft-.., the Tinted 

 Statea Treasury to the person h--. pn.-r toJi 



should const met an ap|*ralu* carrying 400 



rough the air. wiUMOl the aid of gas, at 

 a speed of ft) miles an hour, and having its power 



:hin itaelf. A second clause provided a 



-,'",.000 to the |*T>on who. before .Ian. 1. 



1900, should demonstrate the practicability : 



|v n; ill-lit, for a mile or 



i.ill still remains with the 



i it tee on Interstate Commerce, to which it was 



\H.M\MNI\Y rchy in central Asia, 



^en Russian Turkestan and British India, 

 irrahman Khan, who was in- 



sialled in Jul>. ..le the British occupied 



Cnbul. the capital, having expelled Sliere Ah 

 Yitkub Khan. neiit has 



an annual f 1,300,000 nipees per an- 



num, increased in 1893 to l,8(H.ooo rujM-es. \, t , .. 

 able AUlurrnhman to consolidate hi- pi.werand pre- 

 serve a strong, united, and independent Afghanistan 

 as a buffer state between the Ku-sian dominions 

 and India. The military forces of the Aimer con- 

 tist of the feudal militia and the regular army, -aid 

 "*>. The artillery ha- ?<> m'odern 

 guns. In the arsenal at Cabul'arc manufactured 

 gunpowder, cartridges, rill :u.oii by the aid 



of machitf ::ntendence of Kir_r- 



ILshn f 'the feudal army have 



received a Demianent" orpini/ation. The cavalry 



OODaistS Of the ' :!id Vas-als of the chiefs. 



In 1806 Abdurrahman Khan attempted to intro 



riptioii.and ordered the enmllnient 

 . but the object ions of the 



people ituhi'.d him to defer the reali/.at ion of his 

 project. The arsenals contain breech-loading ri M.-- 

 enough to equip an army of 50,000 men, which is 

 aid to be the war strength of the Ameer's army. 



boundaries between Afghanistan and t he 

 K uian territory and dep, i. d.nt khanate- have b, , M 

 at various times a subj.-. t of negotiations between 

 the governments of Great Britain and Ku ia. In 

 1805 the last portion of this line, that which run- 

 through the Pamirs, was finally delimited. 

 line follows the Amu Dana or Ox ip to 



the confluence of the atmyhab and the I'anjah. 



and then this latter, the southern l.raneh. np 



ria lake, fnun whicl, it runs east- 

 ward to a fixed point near on,, of the |n:ak- of j| M . 

 . .c-. Thin delimitation gives to Russia 

 rMI of I),ir;i7.. Ko-han. and Shi-hnan. 

 which Afghanistan had occupied while 1 1. 

 s to which was the principal branch of the Oxus, 

 and consequently the conventional boundary, was 

 being discussed between th.- British and Russian 

 nrernment. In the west the boundary. 1. 



\ us at Khamiab.ru i direc- 



tion toXulfikar. on the Hen Hud. thence southward 

 to the |*ak ..f Kuh Malik-i-Siyah, jw.utliwest *f the 

 Ilelmand nvor, and from there in a genera'. 

 ward direction to the Kwajah Araran range. 



Mortimer iMirnnda' '!. the An.. 



the lm>i.H f a Innindarx delimitation lietween Af- 

 n and Briti-h 'hulia. \\hii-h has since I.eeii 



:!,mi-- ion. \\ iih the . 



lion of ti ' lie Khailiar j.a^- and 



A -mar. By ti ..-nt Chitral. Bajanr. S\\at. 



ami Chilai fall \\ithin thr Brili-h sphere, \\hile 



,:iar \alley 



as far as rhai 



, included Kafiristaii in r*l do- 



minion-, and when the |eople of this district, who 

 differ from the nei^hlior 



touts, and religion, and have always been a' 

 with them, refu^-d t acki.ou led^i- 

 (Jholam Haider will, an A f'-han arm\ reduced i hein 

 to submission. 



.-hanistan i- divided into the four pr*' 

 of Calm I. Herat. Turkestan, and Candahai. 

 of which i . nt ly 



sulgupited district of Badakshan. with itsdepeiid- 



I, Afghan- and I'ailiaiis f.inn the bulk of the 

 population, Imi with them an- mingled t he deeend- 

 ant^of the former Tartar and 1'er-ian C..IKJ . 

 and the vurioii-. armi.- 1 hat have jnvaddl India 

 throiiL r li Afghani-tan. The (Jhil/ai. Dnranis. Ai- 

 maks. r/beu'-. and the Tajik- aiv Snnnite .Moham- 

 medans, while the Ki/.ilba-l.is and nio-i of tin Ha- 

 arc Shiites. The Tajiks. wln arc of Iranian 



nt, live iii the towns and are -.-alt. -red anioii^ 

 the other tribes, earn in- on industrial, commercial, 

 and agricultural |uirsuits. The Aimak- and I 

 ra-. inhabit ini; t he raripami-h- mountains in the 

 north, have Tartar feature- and are SIIJ.JM-, d to be 



:idants of colonie- 1. I'l b\ ' iian. The 



total population of Afghani-tan i- aboir 



The Ameer's revenue [ derired from the tit) 



iltural }>ro<luce.increiuscdtoasinuchasathird 

 of the crop on irriiraled lands. 



The Afghans rai-e u-iially two crops a 

 of wheat, barley, or legume- in the -print:, and one 

 of rice, millet, panicuni. or corn in the autumn. 

 Afghanistan abounds in fruits, such a- apples, 

 . (jiiinerv. almonds. .urns, 



cherries, pomegranates, mull ,[-. .-md 



figs, which form the main part of the food of a 



section of the population, and in a 

 -tale are t xported to India ami other com. 

 The castor-oil, madder, and a-afu-tida plants are 

 abundant in the wild condition. A-afo-tida is 

 exported in pvat fju:iiititic to India. Lead. L'old, 

 iron, copper, and precious Mone- aiv found. Silk, 

 felt, carpet-, and rOMriefl an- made by the j. 

 and exported. H"i- nut-, and shei-p-kin 



pirments are. other exports. The principal arti-les 

 of imjMrt are China . and 



The Jlittai (Question. -Tnder the terms of the 

 Durand Convention <.f lsj:{ provision wa 



demarcatillLT the re-|.ect i\e sphere- of tlie(io\eni- 



inent of India and the Aim-i-r. Tl imed 



- to lay down definitely the law under which 

 rs of sole control over particular t rib 

 to be exercised on either side. The coi, 

 dealt with was a Ion jr. narrow -trip hint: f<r 

 miles bet ween Briti-h India and Afghani-tan pr 

 The demarcation had been carried out by various 

 commissions from Chitral ami the Kaliri-tan bonier 

 to the Helmand river before the bcirinni:. 

 with the important exception of the tract lyiii. 



:he Kunarand Cabul river-, fn-m the Nauar 

 K'otal to the neighborhood of Landi Kotal. in the 

 Khaibar. Thi- i- the country inhabited by the 

 tribe of the Mohmand-. which ha- figured promi- 

 nently in the politics of the Indian liorl-r for many 

 -uliar difTicultie- to be faced 

 in dealing with thi- f.er.ple. and by comim 



the demarcation of toe boandary oi sole control in 



