1*6 



;:v. 



chloric acid gives a mixture of hydrogen and 

 in,- thane, 



lUtance described by O. de rhaln. 

 f roiijwr. having the composition < n-Si,, has 

 found in further experiments to be a mixture 



. copper silicide, an 



aiiimrentlv homogeneous pure crystals. A silicide 



.as also been obtained by the author. 



The ohlorobromides of tin arc formed b> M. A. 



Season br the action of hydr.-g, n btomkil U|N.U 



Dannie chloride, or b\ the act ion ,.f hydrogen upon 



nu hydrous stannous chloride in carbon tetrachloride 



Milufiiui. the latter method giving tin- U-st yield. 



Mr^nndSnCIUr. are thus isola 



' :.. 



It i> gray, very hriti 



n h air. .-in.! is readily attacked 

 md aqua roria, 



. preparation of alkali cobaltates Isdssoribsd 



II. .Mefonnell nii-i K. & I lanes, who show 



that rotiall form- an oxide, CoO., an acid, H ,('<(>,, 



and a series of alkali salts of the type of potassium 



I ..-.-.. K. >,. 



>v Processes. The physical properties of a 

 large nuinlicr of mineral and organic compounds of 

 lbi..rme indicated theoretically that the liquefaction 

 of that substance could be effected only at a very 

 low temperature. Experiment! for t he pr< -duct ion of 

 that result were made in May by M. Moissan and 

 Dewar at the Royal Institution, which pos- 

 sesses unrivaled appliances for the production of 



s,- eold. Liquid oxygen, of which several litres 

 were required, was used as t he refrigerant. The ap- 

 parat us having been cooled down t<> tin i. -mperature 

 of quietly boiling liquid oxygen ( 1*:'. C>. the cur- 

 f Baoffns was passed through it without be- 

 coming liquefied, but at this low temperature the 

 element had lost its chemical activity, and no longer 

 attacked the glass. A vacuum having been made 

 above the oxygen, a liniiid was seen, as soon as 

 rluillitin took place, collecting in the glass enve- 

 Ioje. while gas no longer escaped from the appa- 

 ratus. Stopping with the finger the tube by which 

 the gas had been escaping, so as to prevent air from 

 entering, the glass bulb soon became full of a clear 

 yellow liquid of the same color as fluorine gas when 

 examined in a stratum one metre thick possessed 

 of great mobility. According to this experiment, 

 fluorine becomes liquid at 185 C. As soon as 

 the little apparatus was removed from the liquid 

 oxygen the temperature rose and the yellow liquid 

 began to boil with an abundant disengagement of 

 gas, having all the energetic re.-r- 1 i-n- <>f tl i..rin". 

 Advantage was taken of the experiments to study 

 some of the reactions of fluorine on bodies kept at 



nely low temperatures. Silicon, boron, carbon, 

 sulphur, phosphorus, and reduced iron did not be- 

 come incandescent, and fluorine did not displace 

 M iodides. Its chemical energy was, how- 

 ever, still great enough to decompose benzene and 

 essence of t uq *-nt in? wit h incandescence as soon as 



temperature rose to 180 C. It thus seems 

 that the powerful afllnitv of fluorine for hydrogen 

 is the hut to disappear. When a current offlnorUM 

 gas was passed through liquid oxygen, a flocculent 



precipitate was rapidlv forme*], which quickly 

 bottom. When separated, it was 



1 to possess the property of deflagrating with 



ice as soon as the temperature rose. 

 In a subsequent paper ("Chemical News," O< 

 1897) the authors (Moisaan and Dewar) express the 

 conclusions that fluorine gas is easily liquefied at 

 the temperature of boiling atmospheric air. The 

 boiling i*.int of liquid fluorine i- IN; c. it j 8 

 soluble in all proportions in liquid oxygen and in 

 liquid air. It does not solidify at 21J r. Its 



ty is M4, its capillarity i's less than that of 



liquid oxygen. It has no absorption spectrum, and 

 1 inally. at -'.MO I', it has no 

 dry oxygen, water, or mercury, but ii re- 

 act*, with incandescence on hydrogen 'and oil of 



1 :;rp< : 



A modification of M. Moissan's apparatus for 

 lluorine. introduced by M. M.-l.ms \\ill 

 probably render it pu**iblc to include tl, 

 t ion of tli. in the course of ordinary lec- 



ture experiment-, and may even lead to it- eeo'nom- 

 ical production on a large scale, if any induM rial 

 application of it should be found desirable. The 



larger than M. M<>; 



platinum apparatus, is charged in the usuai 

 and is thru cMiinectrd with the pu>iti\e terminal of 

 a battery, the two elect r- made the 



live pole. Fluorine is th : at th.- internal 



surface of the apparatus, and H thin, nonconduct- 

 ing If ;.per fluoride is deported upon it. 

 .ipparatus. alter this preliminary treatment, is 

 employed in the same way as MoissaiTs platinum 

 apparatus, but may be simply cooled by ice and salt. 



'1 he pre-ence of the nonconducting layer of copper 



fluoride prevents the passage of electricity from the 

 electrode to the side of t he vessel, and thus a 



the consequent loss of fluorine, SO t hat the yield in 



th? new modification of the apparatus is much 

 T than in the original form. 



It is observed by L. ( Journit sch that the action 

 of electrolysis on the salts of the fatty acids nearly 

 always gives rise to the formation of alcohol-, ethers 

 acids, etc., in quantities variable according to the 

 conditions of the experiment, lodoform is now 

 prepared elect rolyt icaily by substitution, by \ H 

 the current through a solution of iodide of potas- 

 sium in alcohol or aqueous acetone, and neutrali/.- 

 ing the excess of potash formed by carbonic acid : 

 the iodine ami the potash formed oj the action oi 

 the current react with the solvent and form 

 talsof pure iodoform. The nitrified dcrivati 

 the aromatic series seem best for studying t 

 duction by electrolysis. In 1882 Kendall patented 

 the manufacture of aniline and toluidine by tl 

 t in of the electric current on mixtures of nitro- 

 ben/.ine and nit rotoluen? with concentrated sul- 

 phuric acid : but the return was bad. and the process 

 was of no practical value. Twelve years later the 

 subject was again taken up, and it was shown that 

 aniline was formed even in acid solution. The 

 platinum electrodes were strongly attacked in the 

 experiments on carbonate of nmmonia. and a com- 

 plicated plat i no-am motiiacal base was formed. 



In the chrome tannage process, patented ' 

 W. Alder, the chrome solution is prepared by dis- 

 solving potassium or sodium bicarbonate in ai 

 cess of sulphuric acid diluted with two volun 

 water, reducing the chromium salt by the addition 

 of sugar or alcohol : then neutralizing and precipi- 

 tating chromium hydrate and "chromium oxyar- 

 bonate" by the addition of sodium carbonate, 

 dissolving the precipitates without filtering 1 

 addition of hydrochloric acid to the mixture. The 

 resulting liquor is sup| o-ed to contain chromium 

 chloride, chromium sulphate, sodium and i 

 sium sulp- urn chloride, and either for- 



mates or acetates of these metal-. The patented 

 process of Huiro Schweitzer consists in the reduc- 

 tion on the animal fil>er of bichromate of pota-li 

 by means of hydroxylamine compounds. Sulpho- 

 acids of hydroxylamine are produced, whereby the 

 use i\ permitted of neutral, weakly acid, or weakly 

 alkaline solutions for the second bath is permitted. 

 In the one-bath processes of Robert Wairner and .1. 

 .1. Maier chrome alum, saltpeter, muriatic acj.i. 

 and whiting, in proportions which are speci fieri, arc- 

 mixed with water. 



at interest was manifested at the Toronto 



