144 



nMiM;i>-i:i> AII;. USES OF. 



Authorizing the Treasurer to pay the mi. -r. --i for 

 two years ..n the "caMial deficiency" bonds ami 



isurrvction " I 

 Prohibiting druggists frun M-lling cocaine with- 



ite, 

 Creating a board of examiner* in d.m. 



< and g<. )' right 



to belong i<> lawful labor organisations, unions, ao- 

 cietfe*,or |-in i toproxidea |H-imlly 



or Mien.] 



r the fun.i -.:\(MiOof tin- in- 



. : - -s- v, . \: . n- - in' urred 



in mipprnwing insurrection during l s '.aii'i 

 and appropriating money out <>f the general 

 . the tut \ear's interest on >ai 



II funding lionds. 



I. tin of Immi- 

 gration and St. < : to promote the or_ 



ami guarantee 

 official I-. nds under certain reguationt, 



d ..-king that 

 I*' made for that branch of tin- 

 Survey which is engaged 

 mining the metallifer n- districts of 

 the States and T mt-.i-i.-. to the end that needed 

 y* mar be oommeiMMd or completed, and the 



results publi-hed at the end of each season in pam- 

 phlet form, a* much of the value of the information 

 thu> received depend- upon it- -peedy publica- 

 tion " : and that the l>ill for the erection of a 

 eminent building at (ilenwood Springs he pa ed. 



As the regular session adjourned without enact- 

 ing a general hill providing an appropriation for 

 theordina s of the executive, legi-lat ive. 



and judicial departments of the State for the years 

 1897 and 1898, tin- (iovernor called a special session 

 to meet April 6 for the sole purpose of passing such 

 a hill, ami it was accordingly passed. 



The Governor vetoed a bill regulating the manu- 

 facture and sale of oleomargarine on the Around 

 that it was not as good a law for the dairy and 

 farm interest as the present statutes regulating the 

 dairy industry and the oleomargarine traflic. 



Political. The only State election this year 

 was for choosing a justice of the Supreme Court. 

 William (Jabbert was the nominee of tin- People's 

 party on a platform demanding the independent 

 and 'free < -ilvcr and a suflicieni volume of 



pa|er money to IM- issued by the Government, and 

 denouncing' government by injunction. The re- 

 turns showed a majority for" him of about 3.000. 



< I'MI'i; 1 . ss| h Ml!. I s| > or. The value 

 of compressed air as a convenient means of distrib- 

 uting power was known long ago, but its general 

 introduction isof comparatively recent date, as only 

 within late years has it been practicable to mami- 

 . re at low cost air-tight appliances for utilizing 

 it to advantage in a variety of wavs. Among the 

 earlier ami m.re familiar uses to which it has been 

 applied are the railway air brake, pneumatic cu-h- 

 ions, and pneumatic dispatch tubes. The com- 

 preased-air ro<-k drill <ame into use ajx>ut 186."). and 

 Unemployment informing tunnels, mines, and *.th.-r 

 excavations has become almo-t univer-al. It i*n>ed 

 by tin- nak.-d A fri-an lalx.rer> in the.Iohanii.-- 

 burg gold mine*. Compressed air has a conspicu- 

 ous place in most modern engineering works. The 

 drill* and channeling machines and most of the 

 small engines on the Chicago Drainage Canal were 

 air-driven. The rock work at the bottom of Har- 

 lem river for th- foundation, of the brid-e a' I s 1-t 

 * was all done in caUson* of compressed air. 

 The Blackwall Tunnel, under the Thames Knglami, 

 was also constructed under air pressure. ( '"in- 

 pressed air has replaced steam in many mechanical 

 oses, and done away in many cases with such me- 



chanical appliance* as >hafting. belts and pnlleys, 

 and gears. It i- the active competitor of electricity 

 in a hundred fields <.f usefulness, and is frequently 

 preferred to the latter as a nieehanical agent for 

 Mining p. 



Largely owim; to the inroad- of electricity in 



liranchofnieclianisiii.it ha- come to be'ree- 



d that the fridioiial IO,M- sii-taiiie.l in trans- 



milting p .iflin^can be saved by employ. 



e u ith the 



machines that it is .: ,1 i he eh-e. 



tlio wire U-ing found to alTonl a mean- !' trans- 

 mittin- power with small loss, builder- of machin- 



line to understand more fully Ih- 

 pipe- or hose filled with compressed air alTord an 

 equally economical means of sending ] 

 moderate distance with little |o . Thu- the devel- 

 opnu-nt of electrical method- of po\\i-r dj-irihution 

 ha\e opened the way for com pre ed air and br. 

 about a dev-lo|imnil "1 .'ed niacliinery 



which i- most e\!eii-ive and is oilplant 1;. 

 creasing. 



The machine that confine- the air so as to give it 

 an effect ive pres-nre is called an air compre ,.- 

 i- a form 01 pump, or rather a steam engit,. 

 pumjicombined. In the u-ual con-truci. 

 cylinder and an air cylinder are placed end t 

 and the steam-cylinder pi-ton i- mad- t,, di 

 pi-ton within the air cylinder s<> that at each 

 a cylinderful of air i- compres-ed and fM 

 into a tank. The airso-toivd IH-COI 

 power that may be u-ed at any convenient time at 

 a distant point by transmission through pip< 

 power being ut ili/.ed at the receiving point by n 

 of a cylinder and reciprocating pi-ton, on the prin- 

 ciple of the -tram engine, or in any other conven- 

 ient manner. In compressing air a great amount 

 of heat i- generated, and the loss of thi- would mean 

 a corre-poiidiiig lo in power: hence m. an- have 

 to be provided for saving the heat. The common 

 method is to surround the air cylinder, win r 

 compre ion i- going on, with a water jacket, thus 

 cooling the air and heating the water. As tin 

 ter i- healed it is led away to feed the boiler of the 

 steam engine. Of course" the hot water brought to 

 the boiler is turned into -team very quickh . 

 this saves coal and economizes the lo that othei- 

 \vould be sustaim-d. In practice it i- found 

 best to compress tin- air in several -tage-. AK 

 of compressors a re built, from those deliverini: i 

 for operating one rock drill to great mechanisms ca- 

 pable of driving a hundred large machn 



Drills. -The rock drill is simply a pen-n 

 drill or chisel driven up and down and forn. 

 hole by repeated blow- on the rock. It i- al 

 crated by -team, and occasionally by electricity, but 

 for underground work in mines and tunnels com- 

 pressed air i- preferred, a- the po\\er deliv. i 

 the drills is worth all it co-t- in the way of furnish- 

 ing fresh air to the men operatin- the madiiii'-. 

 The compressed-air rock drill has been u 



it tunnel built within the pa-t twenty 

 years, and for such excavation- a- those at Hell 



theCp.ton Aqueduct, and the tail race 1- 

 escape of the water at the Niagara power plant. 

 Drilling in cai on- or in front of air l"-k- i- the 

 common method in excavating under water. In 

 caisson work, as on river bottoms, t he men de-cend 

 through air lock- to the cai on or chamber which 

 has i,,.,. |, SU nk to the bottom, and there work under 

 a pressure of air sufficiently great to prevent the 

 Inflow of the water from the open bottom of the 

 n. In excavating the I'.lackwall Tunnel the 

 work was carried only H feet below the Thame- bot- 

 tom, this thin stratum being composed of gi 

 and mud. The workmen were enabled to pr 

 their labors there without being flooded or drowned 



