146 COMi'i:i:>sKi> AH:. 



coN<;<> 



STATK. 



horizontal rectangle having less than one twentieth 

 of the superficial arva .-f tin t . 

 The disappearing-gun carriage* used at Sandy 

 and elsewhere are operated successful 



..in pressed air. An air cylinder stored at a pres- 

 sure of aix serve as a 

 Miring, and receive the ki .rwanl ihru-i of 

 the gun as it is fired and descends 



pet. The pressure in the \lind. -r i- mili/eil later 

 to restore Che gun to firing posit t< >n. 



I rp*4oc. Many of the automobile torpe 

 as the Mall and the Whitehead. make use of com- 

 pressed air. The Itittor entries the air in a reser- 

 storcd at a pressure of 1,000 pounds. Ti 

 .ittrd t<. a triple-cylinder m-' 1 



propellers set ill the tail 



f the* torpedo, The torpedo is discharged from 



a pun by in. -an- .f .: 



... -.'.: . inmonh inpl"\. -1 with locoinot i\e 

 torpedoes for na\ al warfare, the torpedo of 1 

 sons ** Destroyer" is fired 1-;. : nation <>f 



.-rand OOmpffMMd air. tl. ige in this 



tteing that the air cushions the initial shuck of the 

 th- tor|N-ilo. and also aids th.-.-t' 



combustion of the pov, 



lee Making. Refrigeration ami ice making are 



now accomplished tJnoet altogether with the aid of 



ing plants, ammonia gas being usually 



luted for air in the compressor and limi.fi. -d 



by pres-un-. When the liquefied ammonia is ai. 



- heat to compensate 4or whafl 



it ha* lost, and in so doing reduces t he temperature 

 -iirmundiiigs. Under some conditions atmos- 

 pheric air is compressed and exitaiuled. instead of 

 ammonia. 



Machinery. A few years ago a large machine 

 shop in St. Louis was equipped wholly with com. 

 pressed -air median inn. A 5.V horse-power com- 

 press | the plant, the air being stored in a 

 reservoir and pi | >cd to point* where wanted. Asa 

 rule, the piping is brought directly over each tool. 

 For the larger tools motive engines are employed. 

 and when it is desired t.. driv.- them the Riming 

 of a cock admits the air. and the engine is stopped 

 in the same si tuple manner. This avoids the running 

 of idle shafting, there being no consumption of 

 power when the machines are still. The 3 

 has been copied in many establishments, notably 

 railroad shops, where air'is jM-culiarly serviceable, 

 because it lends itself to a number of peculiar uses 

 to which no other motive fluid is applicable. In 

 these shops traveling cranes, each hearing its own 

 air cylinder, are used" for handling . . cast- 

 ings.* Smaller weights are conveniently handled by 

 compressed-air hoists, which may be used almost 

 anywhere. Hoists operating from overhead are 

 made in the form of a long cylinder with a hook at 

 each end. This is hooked to an overhead b.am 

 and t le to be hoisted, and compressed air 

 Is then admitted to the lower end of the cylinder 

 lowly raises a piston to which the lower hunk 

 ichcd, and the lift is made in a most simple 

 r. nlv moderate pressure is required, ami 

 any good quality of hose will bear the strain. Lift- 



iing machines, riveters, and m- 



the das* of machinery usually operated hydraulic- 

 ally may lie managed equally Veil with compressed 

 air.and with greater convenience where a compressor 

 'i a plant also does away with 

 *cessity for blowers or rotarv fans. beinL' 



for operating blowpipe, to dine* A gM 



flame, or for fanning a forge. Steam pipes, steam 

 passages and steam ports may be readily < 

 by a blast of compressed air. and in many railroad 

 shops the cars and cu-hi'-ns ; , r e <], aiied in the same 

 manner, the air being appli.nl through a hose, much 

 as a fireman throws water on a burning building. 



;V of (he safety appliances u^.,1 J M con . 



- depend upon compressed uir. 



It is j adaptable to t he opera! ion of inter- 



aphores. being commonly 

 used in conjunction with ,-1,,-tr. 

 mechanism^. 



rumps. T:,, air-lift pump is a n-cent invention, 



1 U> assist the 11 -.an wells. The Well 



has a main pi|e. which the water m.i\ ascend, 

 beside -mailer pipe, down which the coin- 



pressed air passes. Th<- smaller pipe enters thtf 

 bottom of the main pipe In-low the water levci. 

 I ith 11 in 



f the air cools the water and a- 

 it. SO thai it is in the I 

 drinking. The water sii| 



.rd. 111., are obtained in this man' 

 the latter place the natural flow of a well ha 

 increased fhcfold. A similar mechanism ha 

 employed to drain swamps or pil>. and ! 



ive and economical. 



Various | srs.- Coal-cutting machines an 

 (jucntly driven by compressed air. at a pressure 

 of about 75 pounds, the exhaust air b. in- valu- 

 able for ventilation. Some of these ma.-hiin 

 mechanical picks, but the undercutting m.i 

 is more usually employed, 

 miscellaneous small to<>;~ \eniently 



able by compressed air. a- the calking ma- 



in" solidifying the joints ,,f steel tai 

 ship plates. , tc. \;i ' | . rat< d sion-dr- 

 chines have largely replaced hand labor within a 

 few years, doing better work at a fraction of the 



The machine delivers rapid, rccipiv.- 

 Mows with dressing tools, and will level . 

 foot of granite in two and a half minute-. I'.y 

 regulating the upstroke with a die or pattern. 

 rough carving maybe done. A few other i. 

 compressed air an- the operation of 

 spraying of petroleum, as in the luci-en. or for the 



iiions of welding, japanning, and tempering; 

 agitation of asphalt in process of manufacture; 



ion of sirups in refining sugar: mixi: 

 in compounding nitroglycerin ; paint in-.- 

 an atomizer in pla< brush : maim!. 



of cellulose silk, the pulp being forced tin 

 minute holes by pneumatic | 

 of natural-gas wells; inflating pnemii 

 pumping of fluids from barrels; refining of silk 

 ribbon: operation of sand blasts; increasing th- 



Sure in hydraulic elevator tank-: work 

 idicators and bells: regulation of clock 



: compression of other gases, as for light- 

 ing railway cars; production of oxygen and nitro- 

 gen by the" I'.rin process; sanding of railway rail-: 

 raising of sunken vessels; and vulcanizil 

 timt 



( n\(,o nil E STATE, 



cut. monarchical state in Central Africa, ci 

 with the consent of the great i declared 



.tral in conformity with the L" 



!in on F< 

 Nl II. Kini: "f the Bel-ians. wa-dccla;. 



iind he by his will, dated A 

 has ceded his 



convention made on .Inly 3, 1 *'.'. I'.elirinm acquired 

 the right to annex the State after a period of ten 



licil to the will, dated July 21 



the territories of tl r- declared to be in- 



alienable. Tli- !icd by tl 



gian Chamber- on -I J90. The fjr.vernment, 



t-rc-ided over I 



ate at Brii-seN. Kdmr.nd van Ket- 

 velde. who js a--i.sted by hr. A. de ('livelier ;i 

 ret a rv of : . !Tair-. II. I'oche/ as Tn-ji-urer. 



II. In- armana aa Secretary of Finance, and Charles 

 Liebp-chts us Secretary of the Interior, Tublie 



