

UAPHICAL I'IKHJKKSS IX 1897. 



in the main range of the Rocky mountains, the 

 final results of which w.-r.- published in 1807, 

 hare been conducted by Jacob --T at 



the head water* of Miv*nri n\-r. incidental t the 



COmpUtatiotI of til. length of tin- lollgC-t coIilinU.-Us 



ii ..f water in the world that nuiinlains | 

 niai flowage. In Ilie Centennial valley, 



.na. are two -mall bodies of water 

 known a- l"p|T an<l !., r Ked K<x-k lakes. 

 These lake* are in low ,!, j,r. -i.-ii* in the u|>|.. : 



f the \nlle\. which formerly ...nstit.r 

 fflaeial lake bad, drained at the most north western 

 limit. Fr.-mti. decided by Lewis and 



Clark in ISttf to U< the initiation of tin- main channel 



of the MivMiuri. at the confluent of tin- .blTcrson, 



:.d (Jallatm forks, the principal stream 



1 uniiiterrnpti 



:> artificial irrigation, up the channel of .Feffer- 

 1U what ought to l>e considered an er- 

 roneously adopted rule in hydrofimphlc iii-nn-n.-l.-i. 

 ture. the stream again changes its name to I'. 

 n.arthe point where it passes, H- 

 k. likewise again changing it* name to 

 Ret! RH'k river near tin- point where it Il<i\\ 



turcsque red butte. Following this as the 



and longest channel, exploration* up its 



;. d <>n to these Lower an<l Cpper lied 

 lakes and to the channel of the brisk and sparkling 

 mountain stream above those lakes which 

 through the Alaska basin. Into this basin the 

 main stream descends from a point near the crest 

 of the main range of the Rocky mountains, through 

 an eroded ami ruirir'd channel in Culver's Cnfion. 

 At the head of this canon, twenty miles above 

 Upper K'-d |{.M-k Lake, is a n amphitheat rical rnl- 

 <l r<i. fonned by volcanic walls and eroded declivi- 

 ties. Along these walls airl declivities are perpet- 

 ual snowbanks, which, melting in the summer >un. 

 saturate the immense mountains to such an extent 

 that perennial springs and streamlets send forth a 



.pply "f water, decreasing in winter and 

 increasing in Dimmer, supplied exclusively bysecu- 

 larjprecipitation. 



The high elevations from 8,000 to 11,000 feet 

 above the sea surrounding the MivMiurian rnhli-m 

 causes the melting snows to be resupplied 

 month in the year, the freshet* beginning about 

 the last of May and generally ending by Aug. 1. 

 No person, except Indians, is known to have pene- 

 trated to this utmost source of Missouri river pn- 

 to this discovery, Aug. 28, 1805. It was as- 

 certained by Mr. Brower, who again ascended the 

 mountains to theooUsra in July, 1897, that a vil- 

 lage had been maintained there, at an elevation of 

 0,000 feet above the sea, in prehistoric times, as 

 shown by the discovery of numerous flint and ob- 

 sidian spearheads, arrow points, spalls, and other 

 stone utensils. An fovilifenms deposit 



was also discovered at the same place, in contact 

 with limestone. Identifiable as I'hillipain hit- 



/YiNfe/iM corn. etc. The total length of the. 



hatinel is as follows: Missourian c,ihl> 

 Three Fork*, 308 miles; thence to Mississippi river. 

 247 miles: thence to the Gulf of Mexico. 

 miles; longest river channel in the world, 4,291 

 I -. 



OnMra.-Th. remarkable march ..f the forces 

 a Cisco Vawjue/ < oronado from Compos- 

 tela, Mexico, to a termination at the province of 

 Qairim, Ifl lf ,,l j.i,,,,,, L >.-, 



villages of barbarcms Indians, living upon the fle-h 

 and blood of the buffalo, hiv frmn time to tir- 

 ceived the f-nn-ful attention of historian* an<: 

 graphical writers, who have N-,. n in-rpl.-xed in 



:fying the l^aljty of (juivira. Gen. J. If. 

 Simfison. Adolph F. flandelier. anl (Jeorge Parker 



:iip have severally traced Coronado to a cross- 



ing of tin- Ark.tnsa- river, and thence northeaM- 

 wardl\ I" jx.rti.'i> 'f Kansas. In March. 1 S '.'T. .la- 

 \pl..rcdthc region along both sides 

 of Kansas ri\er to tin- I'A Smoky Hill 



from 100 to 15<> miles northeastwardly froiu 

 .d. and deflnilely located m- TC' than 

 thirty old Indian village - < hert 



(juarries. w made flint implements o!' 



ami arms of ilieeha*e. ThcM- Indian village 



' ly comparable wit h the d. 



left bj lo and his chronicler-, and a-> lliev 



are situated fa\oral>ly to the most certainly deter- 

 mined line of march a't its termination, tin-re' is 1ml,. 

 doubt that the definite 1. .<-ai i. m of (he village v 

 the province of ( t )ui\ ira have been finally disco 1 , 

 ami ascertained. Several thousand Uint'tomahi 

 leads, ami arr.-w points have been reco\ 

 from the village si' . <1 in the rep.nl ..f 



the exploration. 



south \mcrica. \\ . nl : M ml 



.. believed tobethe ll ll< of tile Chilian 



. \nde-. was made in .lanuarv bv an expedition fro 



the Royal < Jeogra|ihical Society, headed b 

 A. PiUgerald. 'I hcv entered the 



lev. Where, at a height ol 



pitched on Jan. 7. Another camp was established 

 at a height of M.lMMl feet, from which the actual 

 ascent be-an. At the hei-ht 

 ilecided to plant on the side ,f Aconcagua tie 

 camp. On .Ian. \~i Mr. l-'it/.-'-ralil. acc..nijianied by 

 the chief guide. Matt hias /urbriiri;' -u. set out for t he 

 summit, but foiiml himself unable to proceed. Th< 

 guide went on alone, and in the afternoon reached 

 the highest, summit. Almost a month later. Feb. 

 i:{. Mr. Vines also reached the top. after a jo 

 of nine hours, starting from the camp at 8 o'clock 

 in the morning and arriving at the summit at .1 in 

 the afternoon. Kxplaining the dilhVnlties which 

 he had to overcome, Mr. Vines- .said that 

 5 metres he was compelled to stoop down on all 

 fours and wait two or three minute-, t.. recover his 

 breath. This was the only mode of ase,-nt p. 

 at such an altitude. The summit was found ' 

 Hat. having an area of 60 sonar.- metres. The 

 Pacific Ocean from that height, v 



senibled. ill the Words ,f (lie explo 1 ' Ull- 



ruffled pond: while in the afternoon, when the ^\\\\ 

 shone in the west, the ocean appeared like an im- 

 niensc conflagration. Mr. Vines studied the geo- 



il structure of the mountain. The hillside, he 

 said, is porphyritic and has u thick coven 

 argillaceous cart h. which can not sustain vegetat ion. 

 The south side is broken up into pi-aks. Mr. \ 

 also ascended Mount Tupungato and another moun- 

 tain unnamed, about 1U.OOO feet high. Tujnu 

 is voleani*-. but 



(Ten and Pusen. < >. von I-'i<. !ier. and 

 others spent January to May in an excursion for 

 exploring the Chilian river Aisen. It flows to the 

 :i a broad estuary in about !."> L'<> south 

 lal i tude. entering the channel that runs behin 

 ('honos archipelago, and is formed by twr.bran 

 the smaller from the east, the larger from the north- 



.nd -priniring from a fine glacier between the 



Kontana. 

 The expedition that was sent in February. 



.iieeton I'niversity, under the control of I'mf. 

 S-ott. of the 1'niterl : ,.-d Snn- 



i'\plo-. -iirned in AUL'U-'. \^'i~.. I 



the jMrt of (iallegfiw. on the eastern coast, inve^ 



\\ere conducted as far northward as Port 



I>esjre. arid southward to Sandy Point in the Stl 



of Magellan. The expedition went into the interior, 



where many new glaciers and watercourses wen- 



vcred. Many plants and animals new to 



were collected, while the information ob- 

 tained relating to geological phenomena was of the 



