409 



INDIA. 



were employed because there was no other 

 ;<an agency obtainable on a large scale. 



found fu: 

 amor, an. anil tin- result 



vat toal Mr. Band, the d I Doer in < bargt .-f 



the plague Operations, and Lieut. AyeM were inur- 

 Uered on June 22. 

 The plague became won* again as col 



i in I'lMinnaiiii si inoedwith 



It broke out in November at 

 iin and at Ahmadnacar. I wo t hinls of whose 

 inhabitant* lied. During the autumn r 



i'.ombay ami the i 



state*, and to some of the towns of tin- Punjab. In 

 lie mortaii tin- winter 



aim i,- preceding year. 



Itloi I i iaK The agitations of the 

 party, r. -nip In r iaffOTerniH6Ot and d- 



i, tin- excitement 



oaosed among Hindus by the violations of caste 



in the plague 0|H-rati..n-. the general di- 



n with a Government that hail promised 



i had not prevented the most 



: . tlif elation of the 



Mohammedans over tin- victories of tin- Sultan. 



h their indignation over tin- attitude of 



the Kni;li>h Government and the feeling of the 



sh people in regard to the Armenian revolu- 

 nt and the Greco-Turkish War, and 

 the disturbed condition of the Afghan bonier fur- 

 iiultiplieitv of causes for political nmv>t 

 and d in 11 parN of tin- Indian Kinpire. 



Tin- Central (i<'V.-rninent determined to strike ' 

 into the disaffected and eru-h out the spirit of po- 

 litical criticism and native patriotism that had lieen 

 count i-d Kipon and only partially 



held in check by his successors, thougn with in- 

 creasing s late years. The law regarding 

 11 in 'India had been considered a dead 

 - had been obtained under 



it. It is - :ioui;h in its terms, declaring 



that whoever by w..nls. either spoken or intended 

 to be read, or !> by visible n -presentation 



or otherwise, excites or attempts to excite feeling 



-affection to the Government established by 

 law in I'.nii-h India shall be punished with tran- 

 portation for life or for any term of imprisonment 

 up to three years or with a fine alone or in addition 

 to imprisonment or transportation. The force is 

 taken out of this section of the penal code by the 



ided explanation that such disapprobation of 

 the measures of the Government as is compatible 

 with a disposition to render obedience to the lawful 



rity of the Government against unlawful at- 

 tempts to subvert or resist that authority is not 

 disaffection; then-fore the making of commei 



.asures of the Government with the intention 

 of exciting only this specie^ of disippr-.bat 

 not disaffection.' t'nder this law political writers 

 and orators have been accustomed to censure the 

 Government and its measures very freely, inter- 

 spersing or add formal ex j f 1- 



Kin press or loyalty to th- 



ernment. The Indian (J"Vernment under the 

 preset is not bound by codes of law if it 



chooses to act desjH n if it has t 



the musty annals of the Hast India Company for 

 precedents. When Dhuleep Singh was returning 

 to the Punjab he was arrested at Aden under a law 

 that gave the executive power in the la-t cent un- 

 to send back home Kntrlish adventurer* who were 

 caught intriguing with the native j \ MIOHI: 



aders of the Mahratta Hraiimans wer 

 brothers Xatu. The elder brother. Halwantrao 

 Nat u. who is a wealthy sinlarof the peccan.ha-: 

 summarily carriel on to the hospital after he had 

 deceived the authorities when his child died by say- 



.it it was the child of a servant. As they \\, re 

 ; a mart\r- a: 



disatl ntered about them, the 



ued under this antiquated law 



a Irtr ad had both brother* deported 



and incarcerated at Ahniedal : ; iana with- 



out trial. The intellectual chief of the itrahmanieal 

 !'iii in the Daooaiiwajt the editor Gangadhar 

 Tilak.a meinlH-rof t : ineil. 



who nublishrd a eulo^iiim of Shivaji, the lil>. r. ; 



"lical 



poem in \\hich that national hen. \\a-< adjured to 

 awake and win 



preasions and indignities that an alien rule now im- 

 posed "it Ilin. lu-tan. The p.iem was symbolical 

 and figurative in the extn-m. . li-..mthal 



and the pa(ri<'' il a case w .n-1. r 



the pn-s lawmeiiti against Tilak. and 



under the instructions of a jul.i;' who charged that 

 want <>f alTection f-.r the (ioverniiH 

 tion he was found guilty and sentenced to 

 eighteen month- in prison. With tin- precedent 



was no further dilliciilty in obtaining 

 \ ictioiis under the law of disatTect ion. In Lui-kn..w 

 and other Mohammedan centers of northern India 

 the p. holding meetings to congratulate 



the Ottoman Sultan on his victori- ;.uty 



Commissioner of < Mulh warned the leaders of the 

 community against expressing disloyal sentii; 

 and when', nevertheless, a Maulvi of Lu< know, 

 Ilidayat lia-ul. niiid< belittling the i 



of (ireat Britain and arraigning the < ioveriiment 

 of India he was promptly arrested, tried, and 



.cnl to a year** imprisonment. Tilak had 

 great dillicnlty iii obtaining counsel, and \\\^- who 

 were afterward arrested could get no repulabl- 



! native, t.. defend them. 



Shunker \"i>wanath Kelkar. aii"t h. 'litor, 



was tried for writing art id. < in which he d< --rTibed 

 the reiirn of terror established by the (iovernment : 

 Kditor L-le. who published a nat'ive journal at 

 for articles criticising the pl;i. 

 editor of the " Moslem I )eccan, M published at i 

 bay. was banished fnm the country by exe. 

 decree. The arrest ,,f Tilak and the brothers Natu 

 and the threat of a new press act wrought a 

 change in the native press of Bengal as well as 

 Bombay. Political editorials and cartoons almost 

 ceased to appear. Still arrests continued to be made 

 on account of what had already appeared, for the 

 Anirlo-Indian ollicial world ha^ been clamoring f (| r 

 liberty of the press suppressed in 

 India. The editor Keshalkar of the - IV .tad." pub- 

 lished at Islampur. was sentenced to transportation 

 for life for an article in which he urged In.li 

 follow the footsteps of theCana ,.-ir efforts 



to obtain autonomy. 



The Legislative Council, reject MIL' a proposal to 



i>-t the vernacular press .( ,,( ,,ded 



the general law relating to sedition and 

 offenses SO as to make it more eflicjent for the j>ur- 

 pose. To the s r( .tion relating to disaffection the 

 following explanation was added: "Coinmei, 

 measures of L r "\ 'Tn meiit with a view to obtain their 

 alteration by lawful means without exciting or at- 

 tempting to excite hat red, contempt, or disaffection 

 do not constitute an offense. It wa- declared to be. 

 an offense amounting to sedition to promote 

 tempt topromoleenmity or ill-will between different 

 claSSeSOI Brit Js)i subjects. The section of the penal 

 code dealing with the dissemination of false state- 

 ments which in its previous; form re- 

 quired the prosecution to show that the accu-ed 



n knew the statements to be false, w.i 



d ill terms making obnox; nents 



punishable, but allowing the accused to show that 

 the mischievous statement or rumor to which he 



