INDIA, 



difficult groun- 



a diftU-u. f the 



eut. Macinlire and a d.</et> nun were loot 



through the efforts of the sound to rescue the 



,,f the pa- t..trtl ea-Mialtics were 



ilfed. Tli. <J..\en 



-f tin- di-a-'-r. \\hirh 





gallant *tnd <-f the War guard would 

 hare been worn-. The en. my in ti. to -ut 



.-iT the rearguard expnucd themselves freely, 

 trary to th. ir wont, and made one fierce ru-h. which 

 waft'stopped almost at the bayonet's point l.y tin* 

 .- . ' . trengtfa wai ail 



liut exhausted and ammunition --arly 



empty. Through toe in .' the Airidb 



heir harassing pursuit, though they had 

 Krai severely. losing 4o<> ,. 



!*ter's brigade man-he d through the Kandao 



pai as far as \\ - no opposit i. m ; 



but in retiring --n th - force also was 



heavily attacked l-y Afrid:- swarming down from 



Sami :. after the main U.dy had gone 



through. a Sikh regiment was seriously pressed on 



of the pass, but was saved by the 



other Sikh*. the same regime MI that had rescued 



:ighsh troop* in tlu previous bat tie. The cas- 



ualties were 80 killed and 50 wounded. Throughout 



the campai.cn the native tr....|- di-p!ayed greater 



endurance and fortitude and better military in- 



and alertness than the British regiment*. 



The gallantry of the two Sikh regiments averted 



serious disaster in both I r -guard actions. 



troop* suffered extremely. especially these 



from the plains of India, from the cold on 



the mountains, for there were no villages to afford 



shelter, and the th. -rim-meter fell to 19 F. The 



losses of the British troops were already, before t In- 



opening of the Tirah campaign, heavier than had 



I >een experienced in frontier warfare. From 

 June 10 to Oct. -Js the ea*ualties were 247 killed 

 ami 848 wounded, including 24 British officers 

 killed an i d.-d. a heavy proportion of 



officers, considering how few of them there were 

 in the native regiments. The numler of British 

 soldiers killed was 84 and of wounded 151 ; among 

 ranks 177 were killed and 593 wounded. 



A illiam I/H-khart's generalship had won tin- 

 two passes with trifling loss, but now the damaging 

 guerrilla tactics of the Afridis were gradually deci- 

 mating his troops, so that they had to be re-en- 

 forced. Sir William Lockhart warned his officers 

 against detaching small parties beyond support, say- 

 ing that the Afridis were perhaps the l>est skirmishers 

 and best natural ri!' n the world, whose 



strength lies in intimate knowledge of the ground. 

 which is the most difficult on the face of 

 enabling them to watch the movements of the Brit- 



.ripereeived and to take advantage of every 

 height and everv ravine. The troops were com- 

 pelled \>\ the <-,ld to move into the Bara valley, 

 fie Use from Kohat to Peshawar. 

 Punitire and foraging expeditions were continued 

 in the Maidan valley. The Orakzais in the Madura 

 valley began to make their submission and pay the 

 fines demanded. The terms ann<.unc...i to' the 

 21 were the restitution of all -to],.,, 

 and capturwl rifle* and other j.rojH rty. the sur- 

 render of 800 breechloaders, and the payment of a 

 fine of 50,000 rupees. The Afridi* were required 

 to accept any arrangement that the <;.,v,-rnment 

 might decide upon relative to the reopening of the 

 Khaihar past, to forfeit meanwhile all their tribal 

 allowances, the renewal of these depending on the 

 restoration of satisfactory relations with the 

 ernment, and to rebuild the forts in the pass that 

 they had destroyed. Hostages were demanded 

 a week's grace was allowed for compliance. 



The headrpwr 



of the principal mosque in Tirah. In their d 

 tatii the surrounding hi. 



from the sharpsh- 



from their tin- a on the height*, had 



the . . of all theexp. and defile-.. 



The troops had soon to I.e withdrawn from 



mom ipaign was abandoned for 



the \\ J soon as it could I..- d,,ne the : 



was continued into the Bara valley. The mullah 

 r raised a Wi/Ur of the still rebellious 

 Orakzai clans for the p . 1 the 



foraging parties and convoys still in Tirah. i 

 tricatcthc tr.M.ps from the labyrinth int.. which they 

 had l>ccn led was a greater i.i-k than to \\iu i 

 with shell and mach, inn the Afridis made 



a stand. M. \\Y-t mac.,!- 



ad\. atoi. at the e.mlluelice of the i 



through a dillicult gorge, with Hanking column* 



ng the precipitous hit. 

 Opposed tl i when th. 



oil the next day they engaged the ivar -Hard all the 

 way through the defile. The casualties during the 

 campaign were >\'.\:\ killed and l.:ivM \\oun<: 

 whom 'M killed and si wounded were British of- 

 ficers. The transport service for this expedition 

 was on an enormou- liring Hi.ooo camel*. 



45,000 mules, and 12,000 bullocks. The two divi- 



forming the expeditionary force num 

 9,500 men each, the ivM of the force being d. -tailed 

 for the line of communication. The main camp at 

 Maidan was broken up on Nov. is. All the heaxy 

 baggage and surplus stores were sent back to Shin- 

 wan, while the troop*, with rations to last till 

 11. made their way down the Bara valley. While 

 one of the divisions was engaged in otaarini 

 road for the general retreat, detached columns 

 visited the adjacent valleys to punish the tribes- 

 men by destroying their houses and property. On 

 Nov. 26 a large force entered Masozoi country 

 through the Lozaka pass arid encountered gl 

 opposition, but they joined hands with a part of 

 the Kuram column at Esor on Nov. 30. Th. Kuram 

 force fought a hard battle on Dec. 1 at Tlmbi. in 

 the Chamkani country, where many village- 

 destroyed. The difficulties of the Dwatoi defile 

 not surmounted till Dec. <>, when the main 

 body began its retirement from Bagh into the 

 Bara valley. A junction was effected with 

 Hammond's force mi Dec. 14 at Mamani. The 

 tribesmen grew constantly bolder and more aggres- 

 sive. The r.treat down the Bara valley, where t he 

 troops marched through ravine*, over bowlders, and 

 often knee-deep in icy water*, involved a continu- 

 ous rear-guard action during the five days of the 

 march, with losses of :{:{ killed and is:j wounded. 



To counteract the moral effect of the r< 

 Gen. Lockhart determined at once to opei 

 Khaibar pass and to o[ ug the winter 



settlement- <.f the Afridis in tl.- 

 several villages were razed to the ground, after 

 which one (.f the divisions concentrated in the 

 Khaibar. Sir Bindon Blood led a division again*t 



Who had refused to make the p 

 tion demanded of th.-m. 



The j-,,st of the frontier operations in 1897 wa 

 '10,000.000. Already with- 

 in the past twenty years t merit has -pi-nt 

 50.000,000 in frontier wars. The India: 

 Condemned the frontier policy of the (iovcrnment 

 in *tn.ng terms, and called upon the Kngli-l, 



ture. 



eminent to jay a substantial part of the expend!- 



titif.nwa- -dit to Parliament pi. 



tliat. pending the settlement of the Question of ad- 

 justment between the British and Indian treasuries 

 of frontier war expenses, the cost of the present war 

 should be borne largely by Great Britain. 



