632 



olUTl Alili - lOW &UHM8.) 



yonne, Sept. 22, 1897. He wa> )rentage. 



Completing his military -tud; yr ne 



entered the foreign legion in A ._ rs and won high 

 renown by his gallant conduct in the Afri< -an expe- 

 dition, so'that hi- name was already well known in 

 France when he was placed in command of ;i 

 <>f the Algerian troops that were sent to : 

 and received their first intr.nl'. 

 ropean warfare. The performance* 

 bakiand his command at Ainm. Ink. mum. at 

 bastupol made him one of the most popular officers 

 - army and earned his promotion to general 

 Msion" in lx-,7. In the Italian war he won 

 fresh success?* and glory. NVhm the war against 

 Praaia was declared in July, rbaki 



was called t> tin* command of tin- Imperial (Juard 

 .i: part of Marshal Ita/Ame's army. Ho took 

 part in the actions around Metz. which resulted in 

 for. -s U-ing Mirn>uniled and besieged. 

 Before Marshal Bazaine capitulated M 

 1870, he H urliaki mi a scen-i minimi to 



the enemy ami. with a safe conduct obtain c< 1 from 

 the German*, to the Kmpress in Ix>ndon. A- Ilour- 

 baki had taken no part in the councils of war. ami 

 had never been mixed up in politic-, hi- c.-nn- 

 as an emissary in the negotiations of Bazaine with 



and with the Ktnperor and Iv 



regarded as a blunder rather than a disgrace, and 

 it was commonly supposed that Ha/.aine. who wa- 

 popularly regarded as a traitor to l-Yan< through 

 tideh anted to have this brave 



and loyal soldier out of the way when he capitu- 

 lated. " After failing in his mysterious mission. 

 Boorttki offered hi- mbetta,who WM 



organizing the army of national d. -f. -n-. . He was 

 placed at first in coinmand of tin- Northern Army. 

 and subsequently transferred to the Army of the 

 Loire. His inspiring qualities as a patriotic leader 

 and his brilliant da-h as a commander in battle 

 availed nothing against the technical proficiency of 

 the German army and the scientific strategy of its 

 generals. Near the end of the siege of Paris he 

 undertook a desperate attempt to create a diver-ion 

 by lead in;: the Army of the Hast against the 

 man line of communication in a desperate .IP: 

 to relieve Itelfort and break into southern <.r- 

 many. It was only a forlorn hope, and he was 

 easily mrtmaJMMVred by ManieulTcI. After three 

 days of desperate fighting at Villersexel his raw 

 troops, worn out wi .kened by 



hunger and cold, were driven across the Swiss (rou- 

 nd there disarmed. In order to escape the 

 humiliation of urbuki withdrew into In- 



cabinet, pressed a pistol against his head, and pulled 

 the tracer, but the bullet failed to pellet rat.- I he 



temple. (Jen. Hourbaki Ix-came military governor 

 of Lyons after the peace and as soon as he recov- 

 ered from his self-inflicted wound, and in 1H79 was 

 placed on the rvtir.-d li-t. He was an unsuccessful 

 candidate for the Senate in I*- 



Boyee, Weonr* l'i . artist, born in 



London, Sept 24, 1826; died th. L897, 



standing three years in an architect's olli< , . 



he took up painting. About 1850 he found a 



friend in Dante Rossctti, near whom in Chelsea he 



from 1870, but his style shows no trace of Ros- 



He was elected an associate of 



the Old Societv in 1M.4. and WHS thenceforward a 



frequent contributor of water-color drawings ' 



exhil unobtrusive character of 



his work never Calling to win the admiration of the 



more refined, though hardly calculated to secure 



aiseof the in differently cultured. Sincerity 



is the strongest note of his work, us it was of the 



man, who was modest and undemonstrative, and 



was best appreciated by those who knew him best. 



The earliest of his works exhibited in London 



were "Th. 



"Tin. M Knd of 



' hapel. Westminster." the 

 two last-named picture- being -h"\\nat the \ 



r.r.ihm- .loh. inn, - 



lay 7, 1883: died m Vienna. April :t. 

 lie was the son of a pla\er in the orch 

 of the Hamburg opera, and began the stud\ -r 

 mu-ic al the a^'e of ten. \\ith l-ldmird Mar\-o|,n, ( .f 

 Alti-na. f"i" hi- ' !iion\. coiinter- 



poinl. and romiiositioii before he was" fou; 

 At that age he played in public works of Bach and 

 Beethoven and variation- <l In- own on a folk 



luit was not paraded as a m 

 on the contrary, hi- teacher kept him hard at 

 until he \\ii- twenty. Then he made a concert lour 

 with Kemenyi. fli- compositions soon altr 

 the attention ,,f the musical world, especially after 

 Schumann, to whom Jotohio sent Mrahmswith a 



of introduction, heralded him in hi- mu-ical 

 thfl eonipo-er for whose advent < id-many 

 was waiting. Only a few critical minds no. 

 Schumann'.- estimate of the newcomer, whose -tvle 

 was so severe that his oiipondit> declared that )ns 

 music was matin-mat ical and formal only, w it hoiit 

 inspiration <>r emotional impulse. In time it cau-'d 

 as much di--us-i..n as the mu-ic of Wa^m-r. and 

 like that master lirahms gradually found popular 



nitioii for a part of hi- compositions, and 

 these moved and delighted in a hi^h decree many 

 whodishkMl them at lir-t. Brahms became d 

 or of the orchestra ami -horus in hctumld. V. 

 he played hi- lir-t j.iano concerto in Leip- 

 .lanuary. 1859, it was harshly criticised. Ii 

 the people of Vienna paid much attention to hi- 

 performances after cult ivated musicians t 

 tied their admiration for his composition-. Hi- 

 traveled for several year-, and in !*<;? settled per- 

 manently in Vienna. In 1866 he compo.-ed tin- 

 austere and dignified "(Jernian Ke|uiem." which 

 was much cen-un-d by musicians of tlie romanlic 



school. He composed the M Triumphlied n in 



n of the (iennan victory in the I-'raiico- 

 siaii War of ls;n. h, ]^~,\ j,,- ;,--, -pird the direc- 

 tor-hit, of the Soeiety of |-'rimd-of Mn-ic. which 

 he held till 1875. His "Academic n\erturc M was- 

 presented as a thesis, for which the doctor's degree 

 in philosophy was conferred upon him by the I'ni- 

 ver-ity of I'.reslau. The I'niver-ity of ('ami 



offered to make him a doctor of music, but. 



uld not make the i 



land, lirahms was strongly averse to popular lau- 

 dation and empty honor-. "The best-known a: 

 teemed of hi- w.'.rk- are the -onata- for the piano. 



olid concerto for piano and on-hr-tra. the 



l.-mic Overture." the - T 



Hungarian dances, fi 00 the choral oi 



Anthony." hi- four sympi. -dally tli 



hand I-', his clarim-f quintet, and his piano quin- 

 tet. Much of his other chamber mu-ic ha- : 



-pread recognition. He composed trios, quar- 



,iid i wo wonderful ^lany 



of his songs rank in general e-t.--m am-.n- mu-ic 



lovers with the best work- of the kind. Hi- fir-t 



i-estrell." Very little fleVelopnidit, 



!! between his latest 



and his earliest production* Among his later works 

 are tl ' of " Itinaldri." ihe < from 



Hart/rei-e.' "and hi- 

 ll i- latest songs dealt with sacred them.-. The. 



-lied" is an example of a new form of 

 -liort choral work-, of which he produced several. 

 Of gr Tal works he composed, beside- the, 



four symphonies, two overtures. Kvery one of his 

 works" has a di-tinct originality and individuality 

 of it- own, and in melodic invention and thematic 



