884 





from the adrenals ; others have shown (hat tin 

 f these organ* rvs-mbles arterial 

 blood in color: ami another O!I*T\T has demon- 

 strated that the |vuliitr the a. In -i. 



|Mst-mortem product. Inn i- contained in the 

 .x |>|, MM i returning from the*.- r^nn- 'luring 

 life. l>r. Ili.-dl found thai after stimulation <>f tin* 

 suprarenal branch or of the splanchnic nerve in 

 the thorax, the iiumU-r Oi ' little 



masse* of pr..t-.p!.i-Mi wa^ diminished, while the 

 numU r of the leucocyte* of the blood was red it -ed. 

 In regard to tin- a.-tive extract, tin- author be! 



that besides containing vasodilators, the spiandi- 

 ierveare associated with the secretory nerves 

 of the adrenals which run in the same trunk- 

 thai >timnlati<>n of these nerves leads i< ->\\\>-. 

 .!i not material, increase in the 411:1111 ity of the 



produced. 



MUM- n 1. 1 r system. The observation* -f Ir. 



Bolt a mi the oscillation* .f tnnu* in various 

 forms <>f muscle indicate that in muscular organs 

 in which the tissue has not undergone a high degree 

 of degeneration the sarcoplasm must be regarded 

 as the really irritable and contractile substance 

 conferring upon it the automatic ami rhythmic 

 properties. In the skeletal muscles the KTOOplaam 

 is represented by the singly refracting snb-tance 

 which alone possesses the power of transmitting 

 .it ion. while the double refracting and more 

 highly differentiated substance, though it can con- 

 tract swiftly and vigorously on the application of a 

 stimulus, i- itute of automicity and rhyth- 



mical pou 



alterations of sha|e and volume occurring 

 after muscular exertion in the In-art* of persons 

 who are suffering from IMTV-.II-> affections have 

 been studied by Sldlle. I'okrychkinc ami M. Capi- 

 tan. who find that in norniul subjects moderate 

 ise does not cause any |K-nptible change in 

 ape. volume, or position of the heart; but in 

 sul-jects whose nervous systems have undergone de- 

 mon in eonseqneOOe of hysteria, neurasthc- 

 i any reflex trouble having its point of de- 

 parture in a (tarticular part of the organism, the 

 heart rows hyper-excitable and changes in shape 

 or position the moment it is called upon to do a 

 little extra work. This alteration may present it- 

 self in three typical ways : The whole cardiac area 

 may IM- uniformly enlarged, or the increase may be 

 partial and irregular: the heart may become' re- 

 tracted and diminished in volume; or, finally, the 

 organ may be dislocated laterally, with or without 

 shajH? and volume, the displacement be- 

 ing directed toward the mesial line or, more fre- 

 quently, toward the axilla. 



Because the respiratory movements are liable to 

 constant modification in the physiological acts of 

 talking, etc., and in all emotional expression and 

 in sneezing and coughing and the like, Dr. Harry 

 CampM! pronounces these acts more far-reaching 

 in their effects than would appear, and hence worthy 

 ful 4udy; and thev further affect the body 

 by involving the expenditure of a considerable 

 amount of muscular energy, and bv inducing defi- 

 nite psychic phenomena which themselves have 

 their physical accom pan i menu. Seeing how far- 

 reaching these acts are, and remembering how large 

 a part they play in normal life, we may a 



ink- that they influence the functions of the 

 body beneficially, and that an undue interference 

 with them is injurious. The ii ,|,out ami 



>ing. laugh and cry. an- -,,., ,ll v n-.ij, ,.;,!,),. j n the 

 savage and in the child : and if they are unduly re- 

 pressed in the child h is sure to ying 

 should certainly be 1 within limits.* but 

 there can be no" doubt that it i* primarily pi 

 logical, favoring the proper expansion of the lungs, 



illation, deadening the effects 



of |Niin. and ivli. -\iiii: M.T\C tension. li..sb;u-h 

 thinks it tioi impfol-alile ihal many e\ ils that main 

 fest themselves in later life may originate in the 



f mother* stopping tin-ir infant- 

 .Ming by soothing HM-III or otherwise. The 

 shoii' people at play is manifestly 



physiological. The amount of talking done by 

 barristers and others enable- them to dispense 

 largely with exercise as ordinarily understood. 

 a ino-i impor in a medi- 



cal point of view, ami the good average health eii- 

 il singers i- in a |ar_ 



attributable to the i dling. 



Both talking and singin -d in heart di>- 



WKf, and singing in -1- !< n\-- .-ii.--! development. 



..ly beneficial as a |-h\s|,-al e\- 



. although it may IN- disadvantageous in h. art 

 disease. In -TNIIIL: the M..\VO| tear- le-^en- b|,,od 

 pressure within the cranium, the d; 

 nerve energy relieves nerve ten-M-n. and th. 

 bing movements of respiration and the contraction 

 of the muscle sy-iein are beneficial. The impor- 

 tance of the dynamic effects of unrestrained er\ing 



\vn by the exhaustion it entails. Sighing and 

 yawning arc accompanied by deep in-piral ion-, and 



corneas a relief to ^hallow breathing and muscular 

 stagnation, accelerating the aeration of the blood 



and the How of lymph. 



Nenonx s\ -i cm. The results of a number of 

 studies of the physiology of the occipital loin in 

 which the center of vision is located are sum- 

 marized by J. Soiiri. The lesion of an occipital 

 lobe gives rise to the symptom called homi>nymoiis 

 lateral hemianopsy that is to say, abolish - the 

 functions of the right halves of both retinas, so 

 that the patient in con-e.jiience of the confusion of 

 the light rays in the eye can no longer p- 

 what is on the left of the visual field. Complete 

 cortical blindnc-s results from a total de-inictioii 

 of both occipital lobes, a condition which has b. en 

 found reali/.cd in patients, and maybe produced 

 artificially in animals. With this blindness goe 

 loss of orientation and <>f recollection of places. A 

 patient observed by Sachs had become incapable . ,f 

 orienting himself 'in the bedroom where he had 

 lived a long time, and could not find the table 

 three steps from his bed. Persons wl, 

 blind through lesions of the retina and the optic 

 nerve have, on the other hand, a remarkable faculty 

 of orienting themselves in places familiar to them. 

 Some pathologists have considered them-che- au- 

 thorized to locate the sense of orientation in the 

 occipital lobe, M. Souri doubts whether a sense of 

 orientation exists in man and animals, but thinks 

 that the phenomenon proceeds from the co-ordina- 

 tion of many recollections, t hat visual recollections 

 play an Important part in the co-ordination, and 

 that when they are aoolished troubles which suffi- 

 ciently explain the observed facts result in the or- 

 dinary work of orientation. 



Seeking to account for the qualitative differences 

 of the sensations. Bechteren admit- that the -tinc- 

 ture of the cerebral cortex varies but little from 

 one region to another. Such differences as 

 are in the form of the cells, and the number of the 

 : lasmic prolongation- an- not marked enough 

 to permit u- t explain the unlikeness between tac- 

 tile. vi-ual. auditive, and other sen-ation-. The 



peripheral terminations of the different 



-. on the contrary, present very considerable 

 differences, as maybe well illustrated' by comparing 

 the structure of the retina with that of the 01 

 of Corti and with the various corpuscles seated in 

 the skin. These "organs of the senses" sen* to 

 transform the external excitation into a physio- 

 logical excitation of the nerve. The author affirms 



