688 



PHYSIOl 



POBT1 G \L. 



:i-l i|imiititMlivily otima'e.i by Ir 

 Neiser. hunm; the Brat mm- i. !- ii increase 

 was observed. I. ut iit th* .-n,l ..f the tir-i dav a c.m- 

 .Me numU-r of t.;i. ilh was discovered, and a 

 much larger numlM-r on the Ms-mul d;\. after which 

 no furtlii-r n* was recorded. When -r'n in 

 jit-nun nnil then plait- culm at. -I in au'ar d 



1.500.1 RIO .f diphtheria iwilli after >i\ hours be- 



"'; after niiu- hours, 500,000.< N N ; and 



y.fi.ur hour*. I.IIHUKNMKMI. Thr growth 



fa) sertun l-ctween the sixth ami ninth hour after 



iii.*-iilitiio! ilarl) prolific. The 



mult ipliral ion in l-.th i* much slower, only about 



OfyOOOoi the liacilli In-ing found af; 

 four i 



Tin- r\j-riui. -. who found that chol 



era bacilli undergo deterioration in raw milk, and 

 iio found that anthrax Imcilli flourish in 

 it, ha ; eated ami c.inlirmcd liy Prof. Schot- 



teliuv Hi- further extended hi-* inxeMigati- 

 the i ' diphtheria bacilli, which |>r 



find an exceptionally satisfactory material for 

 !i and multiplication in fresh milk. Their 

 growth, however, is not >< abundant in stcrili/.ed 

 ugly marked than in the ordi- 

 i troth used f,,r cultivation purposes. The 

 pa|M'r of Prof. Schottclius conclude- \\ith a warn- 

 ing aca in *l the danger attending the consumption 

 of milk nnsteri! 



u observations made in Australia on the 

 temjteratim- of reptiles, monot femes, and inar- 



>utherlaml finds that the I 

 'ratM in heat -producing faculty resemlde rep- 

 tiles to which they are anJUOffOllB in several other 

 points of organisation. The temperature (f plat- 

 ypus, for cxamph-. in cold air may fall ' 84*0 ' 

 and of the echidna to 2i ('.. while the ti-mperature 

 of echidna expose<l to a hot sun rose to 36'G ( '. t he 

 tcm|MT;ttutv varying, like that of a rejtile. with the 

 tMii|erature of the air. The temperature of mar- 

 supials is much more uniform, hut may still vary 

 several decrees with that of the external medium* 

 In the higher vertebrata the temj>erature is nearly 



allt. 



With an ergometer (a dynamometer made to 

 write on a kymograph), exhibited \>\ .1. .M<-KV-n 

 Cattc-ll at the meeting of the American IMiysiologi- 

 . .the maximum pressure of the thumb 

 ami forefinger or the movement of a single finger 

 could be registered and a series of movements 



show; . orded. The curves 



gire the actual amount of work done, their height 



being proportional to the pressure. The instru- 



i- proved to have a/ 1 vantages over Mosso's 



eigofrraph. and is us-d in the nyonoiogiod lalx>ra- 



tory of Columbia I'liivi-rsity to" stiuly 'fatigue and 



:Tect of sensations and emotion- < in movements. 



M. le I'rofcsseur Hotic-hard is impress*-*! with the 

 necessity, in rw-ar<-he> on nutrition, of determining 

 tbesu|ierficial iliiiii-ni'in<. of the hody, which exer- 

 cise oonsidrrable influence on the chemical 

 tionsof which the or^'ani-m j> the x-at The active 

 partH are efficient in pro|Nirti<>n to the -urface. 

 That, in th- normal man 1 kilogramme of H,.>|, 

 contains 160 grammen of aloume'i. in the obese man 

 1 kilogramme of fl,^h contains only 70 grammes of 

 all>um M. Methodi for measuring the .surface of 

 the human U-ly are in-li-nted in the author's notes. 



Recent experimci,- that the antitoxins 



are more versatile as to the toxins on which they 

 are capable of acting than has been supposed. 

 Antiveoomoos -nim has hwn found by Dr. i 'al- 

 mette to be pr n of scor- 



pions, and KMIIX a: ' M..wn that 



rabl : rabies become capable of 



resisting the a< *he \.H-MI of the < 



Animals vaccinated against tetanus and anthrax, 



p,.ix,, n -. ha\. been found in ...me 

 .oiinteractiiii: th<- i-tl'ect- .if 

 in. < 'almelte ."\\ n that anti- 



diphtheria. ant itetaiiu-. anti-anthrax and anti- 

 cholera -.niiu> are rlTectix,- against the vegetable 

 (.. xni .-I al'iin.-. A distinct thoiiu'h >lii:!ii Oi 



Otion lia- b.-eii found li\ hr. M.-mmo to be 

 possessed b\ antidiphtheria si-rum against tetanu-. 



The cxperiiuel,' .til I'.iaiK'lli oil t lie 



ii of normal M-rum- from dilTeren: 

 dilTerent bacterial toxins point in a similar direc- 

 tion. In hi> IIH inoir I'.iaiichi dwells e-|..eiall\ <m 

 the evidence of the production of n.irinal senuni in 



a-e- of |.ro|rctio|| I .111-. 



M.Vl.. 



.,-marcliy in soul hw extern Mu- 

 The tlin. ne jx hereditary in the family of 



' 



i in the < 



. containing -VJ heivditan. i:i spiritual, and 



I0 lite peers, and a < halir Maili- 



.' m.-mber. . leeted for three years by the di- 



f all citi/eiis poesxii, u r ,, elementary 



education or an incmne of 5Ml milrei-. The : 



ing Km- i- Carlos I. bo,-i. - The 



ministry at the beginning of I- :.'d of the 



following meml dent ol the Council and 



.Minister of Finance. K. K'. Hint/e-liibi-im: .Mini- 



MTairs. \.\i\/. I'inio <|e Soveral : .Min- 



jster of the Interior. .1. I'. PVaflCO PintO < astello 



l.raiico; Minister of .lust ice and \\'oi>hi| 

 vedo Castello I'.ralico; Minister of War. Col. L. 

 A. I'iim-niel I'into: Minister of Marine and Colo- 

 nies. .lacinto Candido da Silva; Minister of Public 

 Works. Industry, and Commerce. Campos llm- 



riqoes, 



\ica and 1'opnlation.- Portu-al has u 

 ..f ::i.n:;s s, |U aiv miles. The population in I^.MI 

 was 4.660,09o, con.si.iing of .'.j:,i.:!n:; oial( 



l.tilielit ai 



consisting of l?!.o:;r males and ^H),."i!>H femai 

 the islands. The number of marriages in IS;M. 

 30,580; of births. 14:{,908: of deaths. ll'i.:;:;-j. Th.- 

 number of emigrants was 27.D80. 



Finiiiiccs. The revenue for i *!.' wu 

 milreis. and the exjieiulit ure ll.'JuJ.'J I? milreis. 

 For 1898 the receipt an- estimated at 55,10 

 milreis, of which 1'J. l^T.TOd are derived from direct 

 taxes on land, industry, houses, incomes. , 

 000 from registration 2^1,500 from stamps, 800,000 

 from lotteries, *J.").i:{?. 15(1 from indirect taxes. 

 1,086,000 from surtaxes, 4,813,418 from raili- 

 telegra|>lis. j,,,-' \ :M.IHMI fp,m exl raonlinary 



sources, and :',..YJ."i.l HI an- / o tt> .s ,1'nnln. The 

 expenditure is estimated at .~i.Vn:;j.Hl milreis. ,,f 



whioh 685,000 are for the civil list and appa: 



i for the c.,i- ir Intereri and 



amorti/ation of \ariou- debts. l.CKJ.TsO for other 

 expenses connected with the debt. 

 the consolidated and terminable public debt. 

 500.000 for loss by exchai. 058 for the Min- 



istry of Finane, , for the Ministry of the 



Interior. 1 r the Ministry of Justice and 



Worship. 6 r the Ministry of \\ 



r the Ministry of Marine aiid the Co|oni-. 

 879.912 for the Ministry of Foiei-n All. 

 056 for the Ministry of Public Works, Commerce, 



and Industry. 56,990 for the savings bank, and 



3,764.991 for extraordinary expenses. The capital 



of the Consolidated :!-per-cenl. debt Oil Of 



1895, was " -' milreis. and of the amort i/a- 



ble debt, bearing 44 ami -1 per cent, inlet' -'. !:!'.- 

 919,!'.' ;ngatotal of 663,902. :;.VJ mil- 



reis. The floating debt on May 31, 1897, wa 



I lie \rm\ and Navy. Obligatory military 



as introfliic-d by the law of Sept. xJ7. 1^!"). It 

 begins at the age of 'twenty and la-t- three 



