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BRAZIL. 



BRAZIL, a federal republic in South America, 

 proclaimed by the Constitutional Assembly on Feb. 

 25, 1891, at the end of the civil war which' followed 

 after the fall of the Kmpemr Dmn Pedro II, who 

 abdicated mi Nov. 15. 1889. The legislative power 

 is vested in the OongraB, consisting of a Senate of 

 63 members, represent im: tlie dilTcreiit States and 

 the Federal District, and a Chamber of Deputies 

 containing ',M'J members, elected for three years by 

 the direct suffrage of all adult male Brazilian citi- 

 zens able to read and write, or paying taxes, or 

 exi-rci-iui: a trade or profession. The President and 

 Vice-President, who. as well as the Senators, are also 

 elected by direct popular suffrage, hold office for four 

 years. 



The President of the republic is Prudente de 

 Moraes Barros, who succeeded Marshal Floriano 

 Peixoto on Nov. 15, 1894. Manoel Victorino Pereira 

 was elected Vice-President. The Cabinet at the be- 

 ginning of 1898 consisted of the following members : 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gen. Dionysio E. de 

 Castro Cerqueira; Minister of Finance, Dr. Bernar- 



extraprdinary credits to the amount of 60,000.000 

 milreis because Congress at the last moment refused 

 to agree to proposals for an income tax. In the 

 provisional budget for 1898 the receipts are esti- 

 mated at 344.197,000 milreis, of which 250,000.01)0 

 milreis come from customs duties, 84.000,000 milrei.- 

 from railroads, 9,000,000 milreis from stamps, 7,700,- 

 000 milreis from railroads. 2,000,000 milreis from 

 duties on tobacco, 1 ,500,000 milreis from lottery t a \ i , 

 1,200,000 milreis from the Rio de Janeiro water- 

 works, and 38,797,000 milreis from other sources. 

 The total ordinary expenditures for 1898 are reck- 

 oned at 324,570,264 milreis, of which 15,946,378 mil- 

 reis are allocated to the Ministry of the Interior and 

 Justice, 2,101,812 milreis to the Ministry of Foreign 

 Affairs. 26,873,358 milreis to the navy, 52,374,106 

 milreis to the army, 88,211,707 milreis'to the Min- 

 istry of Industry, and 139,062,923 milreis to the 

 Ministry of Finance. 



The public debt consisted on Jan. 1, 1897, of a 

 foreign debt of 35,261.700 sterling, equal to 313,- 

 447,333 milreis, internal debts payable in gold or 



THE PORT OF PERNAMBfCO, BRAZIL. 



dino de Campos ; Minister of Industry, Dr. Joaquim 

 Duarte Murtinho: Minister of the Interior and 

 Justice, Dr. AmaroCavalcanti ; Minister of Marine, 

 Rear-Admiral Manoel J. Alves Harbosa. 



Arm anil Population. The area of Brazil is 

 3.209,878 square miles, and the population in 1890, 

 according to the census returns, still incomplete, 

 was 1 1.:!:' 1 ,'..'):!!). The population of Rio de Janeiro 

 in 1892 was 522,651 ; that of Bahia is about 200,000, 

 while Pernambuco has 190.000 and Sao Paulo 100,- 

 000. The number of immigrants in 1896 was 157,- 

 948, of whom 96,324 were Italians, 24,154 Portuguese, 

 1 1. :;'."i A iMro- Hungarians, and 1,070 Germans. 



FinaiMTS. The revenue for 1896 was estimated 

 in the budget at 354,634,000 milreis. compared with 

 270,198,000 in 1895, and the expenditure at 343,536.- 

 210, compared with 275,691,671. The budget for 

 1897 makes the total receipts 339.307,000 milreis and 

 the exj>enditures 313,196.700 milreis. The actual 

 receipts were about 312.000,000 milreis, and the ex- 

 penditure 315,444,000 milreis. The Executive opened 



currency amounting to 635.698,500 milreis, 371,641,- 

 023 milreis of paper money in circulation, 340,714,- 

 370 milreis of guaranteed" bank notes, 274,278,081 

 milreis of floating debt, and 6,893,500 milreis of 

 guaranteed railroad bonds, making the total obliga- 

 tions of the Government 1,942,672.807 milreis. pay- 

 ing interest at 4 and 4| per cent, on the foreign 

 loans and from 4 to 6 per cent, on the internal debt. 

 The States had debts amounting in 1895 to 91,706.- 

 736 milreis. The Brazilian Government has reduced 

 its foreign liabilities by the forcible conversion of 

 the 4-per-cent. gold loan of 1890, amounting to 124.- 

 655,000 milreis, into 5-per-cent. currency bonds. 

 Holders received a 25-per-cent. bonus with the new 

 bonds, which they were obliged to accept or to receive 

 the face value of their bonds in currency. 



The Army and Navy. The army consisted in 

 1897 of 4,000 officers and 24,160 men. "besides 20,000 

 gendarmes. Service in the army is obligatory for 

 three years in the line and three in the reserve. 



The navy in the beginning of 1898 consisted of 



