104 



CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



1890 of 77.716 whites, divided into 40,571 males and 

 37 14-1 females, and r, )( ..7<S7 natives, divided into 

 67,791 males and 61,996 females; total, 07.503. 

 There is considerable immigration from Germany, 

 Great Britain, and Holland. 



Finances. Tlu- revenue for 1896 was 374,774, 

 and the expenditure 381,861. Of the revenue, 

 138,247 was derived from customs duties on im- 

 ports, 57.431 from stamp duties, 35,694 from 

 - and telegraphs, 30,845 from transfer duties, 

 'JHi.no from the native poll tax, and 15,301 from 

 quit rents. Of tlu- expenditures, 50,236 went for 

 salaries 1 JK<>77 for public works, 47,163 for edu- 

 cation. t'3!>.:J-Ji) for posts and telegraphs, 12,454 

 for police, and 7,145 for the artillery. In 1897 

 the revenue reached the total of 1,072,519. There 

 are 2 batteries of artillery at Bloemfontein, the 

 capital, manned by 80 officers and men, with a ro- 

 of :;:>:) trained gunners. The number of 

 burghers subject to be called out for service by the 

 field cornets is 17.381. 



Commerce and Production. There are 6,000 

 farms averaging 4.000 acres each, but only 250,003 

 acres are under cultivation. The number of horses 

 at the last census was 248,878; of cattle, 895.099 ; 

 of sheep. 6,619,992; of goats, 853,155 ; of ostriches, 

 1.461. The production of diamonds increased from 

 99,255 carats in 1890, valued at 223,960, to 282,598 

 carats in 1894, valued at 428,039. There are large 

 coal deposits, and gold has been found. The value 

 of the imports in 1896 was 1,186.457, of which 

 845,812 came from Cape Colony, 224.440 from 

 Natal, and 116,205 from Basutoland; value of ex- 

 ports, 1.744,484, of which 612,313 went to Cape 

 Colony, 116,961 to Natal, 75,751 to Basutoland, 

 and 944.459 to the South African Republic. There 

 are 1,500 miles of telegraphs, connecting Bloem- 

 fontein with the Transvaal, Natal, and the Cape, 

 and 330 miles of railroad traversing the republic 

 from the Orange river to the Vaal, joining those of 

 Cape Colonv and the South African Republic. 



Political Affairs. A conference of delegates 

 to discuss the basis of a Federal Union between the 

 Orange Free State and the South African Republic 

 was held at Pretoria in January, 1898. The Volks- 

 raad, which was opened on April 4, voted to grant 

 concessions for railroads to Kimberley and to Lady- 

 brand. 



Smith African Republic. The legislative 

 power is vested in t\vo Volksraads. each consisting 

 of 27 members elected for four years. Bills passed 

 by the Second Volksrasid to become law must be 

 ratified by the First Volksraad, whose members are 

 elected by the first-class burghers, comprisjng the 

 male whites who were resident in the republic 

 previous to 1876 or who have borne arms in the war 

 of Independence of 1831, tha Malaboch war, or the 

 Swa/iland expedition in 1894, or in the operations 

 against the Jameson raiders in 1896. The Second 

 Volksraad is elected by burghers of both classes. 

 Second-class burghers are adult male whites who 

 obtain naturalization after two years of residence 

 by taking the oath of allegiance, registering them- 

 selves in the books of the field cornet, and paying a 

 fee of 2. Only first -class burghers can vote'in the 

 ele.-tioii of tin- President or the Commandant (icn- 

 eral. The State President, whose term is five years, 

 .1. Paiilus Kn'igor. elected for the third time in 

 1888. The Vir,' PivMdent and Commandant <ien- 

 eral is Gen. P. J. Joubert, elected in 1896. The 

 Executive Council was composed in 1898 of the 

 Vice-President ; Dr. W. J. Leyds. the State Secre- 

 tary, elected in 1897 for the third time; 1'. A. 

 Cronje, Superintendent of Natives; J. H. M. Kock, 

 Keeper of the .Minutes: and .1. M. A. Wolmarans 

 and S. \V. Burger. iioii-olliHal member-. 



The Transvaal was occupied and annexed by 



Great Britain in 1877, but revolted in 1880. and in 

 the treaty of peace, signed on March 21, 1881, was 

 recognized as independent once more in all internal 

 affairs, though subject to the suzerainty of Great 

 Britain, which assumed the control and manage- 

 ment of external affairs and appointed a British 

 resident. On Feb. 27, 1884, a new convention was 

 signed, from which the clause relating to suzerainty 

 was omitted. A diplomatic agent replaced the 

 British resident under this convention, but all 

 treaties with foreign powers, save the Orange Free 

 State, or with native tribes to the north or west of 

 the Transvaal, were required to be submitted to the 

 British Government, which has six months in which 

 to approve or reject them. In token of its regained 

 independence the Republic, previously known as 

 the Transvaal, was recognized under the new title 

 of the South African Republic. 



Area and Population. The area of the Re- 

 public is 119,139 square miles, and the white popu- 

 lation, according to the census of 1896, is 245,397, 

 of whom 137,947 are males and 107.450 females. 

 The native population is estimated at 622,500. The 

 white population of Pretoria, the capital, is about 

 10,000. The total population of Johannesburg, the 

 mining center, on July 15, 1896, was 102.078, divided 

 into 79,315 males and 22.763 females, and consisting 

 of 50,907 whites, 5,759 Indian coolies, Chinese, and 

 Malays. 2,879 of mixed races, and 42,533 Kaffirs. 



Finances. The revenue for 1896 was 4,807,513, 

 and the expenditure 4.671,393. For six months of 

 1897 the revenue was 1,805,226, and the expendi- 

 ture 1,865,714, against 1,734,728 for the whole 

 year 1894. The provisional estimates for the whole 

 year 1897 made the revenue 4,886,499, and the 

 expenditure 4,702,028, including large extraordi- 

 nary expenditures, as 1,054,028 for public works, 

 527,300 for armaments, 500,000 for explosives, 

 and 150,000 for prevention of the spread of the 

 rinderpest. There was an unexpended balance of 

 591,118 on June 30, 1897. The chief part of the 

 revenue is derived from the gold fields in the shape 

 of mining licenses and royalties, duties on imports 

 destined for the mining regions, railroad revenue, 

 receipts from the dynamite monopoly, etc., land 

 sales, quit rents, the hut tax, stamps, transport 

 dues, and customs produce the rest of the revenue. 

 The revenue collected from the mines in 1895 was 

 1,848,571. The gold fields at Barberton are on 

 lands belonging to the Government. The import 

 duties collected in 1896 amounted to 1,355,486. 

 The amount of the public debt in 1897 was \1'2.- 

 673.690. 



Defense. All able-bodied citizens belong to the 

 militia and can be mustered, all armed and mount ed. 

 for active service at any time. The only standing 

 force is the artillery, numbering 32 officers and :!(>S 

 men. Since the Jameson raid the Government has 

 paid part of the expenses of 3 volunteer corps of 

 infantry and 6 of cavalry, numbering 2,000 men. 



Commerce and Production. One third of the 

 inhabitants of the Republic are engaged in agricul- 

 ture, but stock raising is the principal industry. 

 There are 12,245 farms, of which 3,636 belong to the 

 Government, 1,612 to absent owners and companies. 

 and 6.997 to resident owners. The gold mines em- 

 ployed 9,375 whites and 64,012 natives in 1M>(>. 

 The claims cover an area of 442,000 acres. Then 

 are 200 mining companies, having a nominal capital 

 of 57,000,000 and 21,000,000 of invested capital. 

 The total production of gold from the first dis- 

 covery in 1884 to the end of 1896 was 42,334.'->-ls. 

 The output for 1896 was 8,603,821. compared with 

 8,569.555 in 1895, 7.667.152 in 1894, 5,480.498 in 

 1893, 4.541,071 in 1892, 2,924,305 in 1891, and 

 1.869,645 in 1890. 



The coal mines in the eastern part of the Trans- 



