CONGRESS. (TiiE ANNEXATION OF HAWAII.) 



191 



ar possession, duly fortified, those islands will par- 

 Jyze any fleet, however strong, however superior to 

 our own naval force in the Pacific, before it can 

 attack our coast. 



" I accept the opinion of men like Admiral Walker 

 and Capt. Mahan and Gen. Schofield. Admiral 

 Belknap, Gen. Alexander, and Admiral Dupont 

 and Chief-Effgineer Melville. It is a long list of 

 great sailors and soldiers, distinguished strategists 

 and authorities. The striking fact is that there is 

 no dissent among them. These men, who are 

 authorities, have all concurred as to the great im- 

 portance of the islands. On one of the islands is 

 I't-iirl Harbor, now unimproved, a possible strong- 

 hold and a refuge for a fleet, which, fortified by the 

 expenditure of half a million dollars and garrisoned 

 and aided by the militia of the island and its re- 

 sources, can be made impregnable to any naval 

 force, however large. 



" I speak of a naval force. To capture it there 

 must be a land force also. The possession of all the 

 islands was stated by these able men, who were be- 

 fore the committee, to be essential, as they would 

 furnish a valuable militia to promptly co-operate 

 with a garrison of one or two regiments of artillery 

 until, in the short distance from our shore, \ve could 

 re-enforce them with abundant military strength to 

 repel the assault of the disembarking troops, who 

 must come many thousands of miles farther than 

 our own. 



" This is not my mere assertion or opinion on so 

 grave and technical a question. I am merely giv- 

 ing some of the leading points made by those whose 

 names command the respect of the military arid 

 naval professions throughout the world and who 

 have said that the possession not only of Pearl Har- 

 bor but of all that little group of islands is to us a 

 necessity." 



The resolution was vigorously advocated and 

 vigorously attacked. The line of argument in favor 

 was the predominance of American interests, the 

 share of America in civilizing the islands, our long 

 guardianship over them, their necessity as a naval 

 outpost, the danger of Japanese conquest, their 

 eagerness for annexation. The line of argument in 

 opposition was the lack of constitutional authority 

 to take in distant territory, the impropriety of 

 doing by joint resolution what should be done by 

 treaty, the unfitness of the people of Hawaii for 

 citizenship, the danger of ruling them, outside of 

 constitutional provisions, the risk of departing from 

 our traditional policy and venturing upon a career 

 of imperialism. 



June 15, a vote was taken on a substitute for the 

 resolution reported by the minority of the Commit- 

 tee on Foreign Affairs. It was as follows : 



" Resolved by the Senate and House of Representa- 

 tives of the United States of America in Congress 

 assembled,!. That the United States will view as an 

 act of hostility any attempt upon the part of any 

 government of Europe or Asia to take or hold pos- 

 session of the Hawaiian Islands or to exercise upon 

 any pretext or under any conditions sovereign 

 authority therein. 



" 2. That the United States hereby announces 

 to the people of those islands and to the world 

 their guarantee of the independence of the people of 

 the Hawaiian Islands and their firm determination 

 to maintain the same." 



The substitute was rejected by a vote of 96 to 

 204 ; absent or not voting, 55. 



The joint resolution was then passed by the fol- 

 lowing vote, taken the same day : 



YEAS Acheson. Adams.Aldrich, Alexander, Bab- 

 cock, Baker of Illinois. Baker of Maryland, Bar- 

 ham, Barney, Barrows, Bartholdt, Belden, Belford, 

 Belknap, Benner of Pennsylvania, Bennett, Berry, 



Bingham, Bishop, Booze, Botkin, Boutell of Illinois, 

 Boutclle of Maine, Brewster, Broderick, Bromwcll. 

 Brown, Brownlow, Brucker. Brumm, Bull, Burleigh, 

 Butler, Cannon, Capron, Chickering. Clark of Iowa, 

 Clarke of New Hampshire, Cochran of Missouri, 

 Coehrane of New York, Codding, Connell, Connolly, 

 Cooper of Wisconsin, Corliss, Cousins, Crump. Ciiiii- 

 mings, Curtis of Iowa, Curtis of Kansas, Dalzell, 

 Danford, Davenport, Davidson of Wisconsin, Davi- 

 son of Kentucky, Dayton, De Vries, Dingley. Do] li- 

 ver, Dovener, Driggs, Ellis, Ermentrout, Paris, Fen- 

 ton, Fischer, Fletcher, Foote. Foss, Fowler of New 

 Jersey, Gibson. Gillct of New York, Graff, Greene 

 of Massachusetts. Griffin, Griffith, Grosvenor, Grout. 

 Grow, Eager, Hamilton, Hawley, Heatwole, Hem- 

 enway, Henderson, Henry of Connecticut, Henry 

 of Indiana, Hepburn, Hicks, Hilborn, Hill, Hitt, 

 Hooker. Hopkins. Howe, Howell, Hull, Hurley, Jen- 

 kins, Johnson of North Dakota, Jones of Washing- 

 ton, Joy, Kelley, Kerr, Ketcham, Kirkpatrick, 

 Knowles, Knox, Kulp, Lacey, Landis, Lawrence, 

 Lewis of Georgia, Lewis of Washington, Linney, 

 Littauer, Livingston. Loud, Loudenslager, Lover- 

 ing, Low, Lybrand, McCall, McCleary, McCormick, 

 McDonald, McEwan, Mclntire, Mahany, Mahon, 

 Mann, Marsh, Marshall, Meekison, Mercer. Mesick, 

 Miller. Mills, Minor, Mitchell, Moody, Morris, Mudd, 

 Newlands, Northway, Norton of South Carolina, 

 ' Olmsted, Osborne, Otjen, Packer of Pennsylvania. 

 Parker of New Jersey, Payne, Pearce of Missouri, 

 Pearson, Perkins, Peters, Pitney, Powers, Prince, 

 Pugh, Ray, Ridgely, Robbins, Russell. Sauerhering, 

 Shannon, Shattuc, Shelden. Sherman, Showalter, 

 Simpson, Skinner, Smith of Illinois, S. W. Smith, 

 William Alden Smith, Snover, Southard. South- 

 wick, Spalding, Sperry. Steele, Stevens of Minne- 

 sota. Stewart of New Jersey, Stewart of Wisconsin, C. 

 W. Stone, Strode of Nebraska, Sulloway. Sulzer, Taw- 

 ney, Taylor of Alabama, Thorp, Todd, Tongue, Up- 

 degraff, Van Voorhis, Vehslage, Walker of Virginia, 

 Wanger, Ward, Warner, Weaver, Weymouth, White 

 of Illinois, White of North Carolina", Wilber, Wil- 

 liams of Pennsylvania, Wise, Yost, Young 209. 



NAYS Adamson, Bailey, Baird, Ball, Bankhead, 

 Bartlett, Bell, Benton. Bland, Bradley, Brantley, 

 Brewer, Broussard, Brundidge, Carmack, Clardy, 

 Clark of Missouri, Clayton, Cooney, Cowherd, Crum- 

 packer, Davey, Davis. De Graff enreid, Dinsmore, 

 Dockery, Elliott, Fitzgerald, Fleming, Fowler of 

 North Carolina, Fox. Gaines, Griggs, Handy, Hart- 

 man, Hay, Henry of Mississippi, Henry of Texas, 

 Hinrichseu. Howard of Alabama, Howard of Geor- 

 gia, Jett, Johnson of Indiana, Jones of Virginia, 

 Kitchin, Kleberg, Lamb, Lanham, Lester, Little, 

 Lloyd, Love, McAleer, McCulloch, McDowell, Mc- 

 Millin, McRae, Maguire, Martin, Maxwell, Meyer of 

 Louisiana, Moon, Ogden, Pierce of Tennessee. Rhea, 

 Richardson, Rixey, Robb, Robertson of Louisiana, 

 Robinson of Indiana, Sayers, Settle, Shafroth, Shu- 

 ford, Sims, Slayden, Sparkman, Stallings, Stark, 

 Stephens of Texas, Stokes. Strait, Strowd of North 

 Carolina, Swanson, Tate, Underwood, Vandiver, 

 Wadsworth, Wheeler of Kentucky, Williams of Mis- 

 sissippi, Wilson 91. 



ANSWERED "PRESENT" Bodine, Burke, King, 

 Norton of Ohio, Terry, Zenor 6. 



NOT VOTING Allen, Arnold, Barber. Barlow. Bar- 

 rett, Beach, Brenner of Ohio. Brosius, Burton. Camp- 

 bell, Castle, Catchings, Colson, Cooper of Texas, 

 Cox, Cranford. De Armond, Dorr, Eddy, Evans, 

 Fitzpatrick, Gardner, Gillett of Massachusetts, 

 Greene of Nebraska,Gunn,Harmer, Hunter.Latimer, 

 Lentz, Lorimer, McClellan, Maddox, Miers of Indi- 

 ana, Odell, Otey, Overstreet, Quigg, Reeves, Royse, 

 Smith of Kentucky, Sprague, W. A. Stone, Sturte- 

 vant, Sutherland. Talbert, Tayler of Ohio, Vincent, 

 Walker of Massachusetts, Wheeler of Alabama 49. 



