230 



EAST AFRICA. 



Indians, who number 7,000. The island of Zanzi- 

 bar has an area of 625 square miles and a popula- 

 tion estimated at 150,000, while Pemba has an area 

 of 363 square miles and 50,000 inhabitants. Justice 

 among the natives is administered by the Kazis, 

 from whose decisions any litigant can appeal to the 

 Sultan. In all cases where a European is to be 

 prosecuted civilly or criminally consular jurisdic- 

 tion is in force" under the capitulations. The 

 British consul general has the right under the 

 Sultan's decree of Dec. 16, 1892, to try all cases in 

 which a British subject is plaintiff or complainant. 

 The British consular court has exercised admiralty 

 jurisdiction with reference to the slave trade, and 

 also formerly had jurisdiction over slaves freed by 

 order of the 'British agent before the legal status of 

 predial slavery was abolished on April 6, 1897, 

 since which date the relations between master and 

 slave are no longer recognized by the tribunals. 

 The act, administered as it is by Arab officials, has 

 no effect on the actual status of the slaves, all of 

 whom were already legally entitled to freedom, 

 having been brought into the islands since the 

 importation of slaves was forbidden in 1873. The 

 new act does not interfere with domestic slavery or 

 concubinage. Out of more than 60,000 slaves in 

 Pemba not more than a score claimed their free- 

 dom during the first six months. 



The revenue is derived mostly from taxes on 

 cloves and other produce and from customs duties. 

 The Sultan's allowance is now 120,000 rupees a 

 year. The military and police forces number 900 

 men. The value of the imports in 1896 was 1,- 

 275,470, of which 385,537 came from India, 202,- 

 813 from German East Africa, 118,022 from Great 

 Britain, 90,975 from the United States, 71,311 

 from the Netherlands, 64,597 from Germany, 

 45,422 from British East Africa, 42,021 from 

 Madagascar and Mauritius, 33,433 from Benadir, 

 17,566 from France, and 69,848 from other coun- 

 tries. The total value of the exports in 1896 was 

 1,119,841. The re-exports of piece goods were 

 336,229; specie exports, 137,557; exports of 

 cloves, 102,045: of ivory, 127,109 ; of rice, 59,- 

 738; of copra, 64,802 ; of rubber, 17,569 ; of gum 

 copal, 16,060: of hides, 11,306; of tortoise shell, 

 8,160; of chillies. 5,484 ; of hippopotamus teeth, 

 6,285; of sim-sim, 5,519; of other articles, 261,- 

 873. There were 166 vessels entered from distant 

 ports in 1896, of which 59, of 98,273 tons, were 

 British, 60, of 88,483 tons, German, and 27, of 

 49.967 tons, French. 



British East Africa. The Imperial British 

 East Africa Company, which in 1888 acquired by 

 lease the territorial rights of the Sultan of Zanzi- 

 bar over the coast from the Umba to Kipini, and 

 subsequently the ports and islands north of the 

 Tana, and occupied first the interior as far as the 

 Victoria Nyanza, and then the kingdom of Uganda, 

 west of the lake, whence expeditions were sent to 

 conquer the regions beyond as far as the Semliki 

 river and Lake Albert Kdward, retired from 

 Uganda in 1893, and the Imperial Government, 

 continuing the occupation, proclaimed a protecto- 

 rate over this territory on June 19, 1894. The rest 

 of the company's territory was transferred to the 

 imperial administration on June 30, 1895. Zanzi- 

 bar had become a British protectorate in 1890. The 

 British agent at Zanzibar, Sir Arthur II. Hardinge, 

 directs the administration of the East Africa pro- 

 tectorate as commissioner under the control of the 

 ign Office in London. The protectorate, which 

 extends inland to the border of Uganda, is divided 

 into the coast province, Ukamba, Tanaland, and 

 Jubaland, and contains 2,500,000 inhabitants, in- 

 cluding 13,500 East Indians and 390 Europeans and 

 Eurasians. A submarine cable connects the coast 



with Zanzibar. Of the railroad which the Imperial 

 Government is building to Uganda 132 miles were 

 completed and in operation in March, 1898. Par- 

 liament voted 3,000,000 for its construction in 

 1896, and of this 367,927 had been expended up to 

 March 31, 1897. About 6,000 Indian coolies were 

 employed on the work in 1898. The total cost will 

 perhaps be three times as much as was estimated. 

 The customs duties collected in 1897 amounted to 

 306,191 rupees. The total value of imports was 

 3,925,597 rupees, and of exports 1,172,026 rupees. 

 The chief articles of export are ivory, rubber, cattle 

 and goats, hides and horns, grain, and gum copal. 

 Banians from India have nearly the whole of the 

 external trade in their hands. 



Uganda. The Uganda protectorate was ex- 

 tended by proclamation in July, 1896, so as to in- 

 clude besides Uganda the country of Usoga on the 

 east and all the countries to the west as far as the 

 border of the Congo State, which is the meridian of 

 30 of east longitude, northward to the watershed 

 between the Nile and Congo basins, which it fol- 

 lows up to the source of the Mbomu, the northern- 

 most limit of the Congo State. The commissioner 

 and consul general for the protectorate is E. J. L. 

 Berkeley. The King of Uganda is an infant, the 

 son of the late King Mwanga. 



Over the mixed population of Uganda, consisting 

 of heathens, Mohammedans, and Protestant and 

 Roman Catholic converts, British rule has been es- 

 tablished and upheld by the instrumentality of a 

 disciplined force of black Mohammedan soldiers, 

 Soudanese or Nubians from the valley of the Nile, 

 originally composed of the remnants of Emin 

 Pasha's Egyptian garrisons in the Soudan, enlisted 

 in the service of the British East Africa Company 

 when it first took possession of Uganda, and since 

 replenished by freshly recruited Nubians from the 

 Egyptian Soudan. These black soldiers each had a 

 numerous family, at least three wives apiece, and a 

 large number of dependents. They took the women 

 away from the inhabitants of the country by force 

 or by purchase, and they were allowed to pillage 

 the regions to which the British conquests extended. 

 When not engaged in subduing rebellion or conquer- 

 ing neighboring tribes they carried on agriculture on 

 the choice lands assigned to them at their stations. 

 By their operations the British protectorate was ex- 

 tended beyond Uganda proper over Ankole, Usogo, 

 Kavirondo, Toro, Singo, Unyoro, and Kikuyu, al- 

 though their original engagement only required 

 them to serve within the borders of the country, 

 following their former contracts with the Egyptian 

 Government. The opportunities for enriching 

 themselves led them to engage willingly in the ex- 

 peditions to the south, west, and north of Uganda. 

 The straggle with Kabarega and his warlike 

 Wanyoro severely taxed their patience, and as a 

 reward they were allowed greater freedom in the 

 conquered territory. These people were never 

 completely subjugated, and the wars and expedi- 

 tions on this border were succeeded by others in 

 different directions that strained to the utmost the 

 strength and the discipline of the Uganda Rifles, as 

 these Soudanese troops were called. In 1897 

 troubles came thick and fast in the protectorate. 

 Revolt was smoldering among the native popula- 

 tions of the lake provinces. In the early spring a 

 force was sent to protect the frontier against the 

 mutinous Mohammedan troops of the Congo Free 

 State, with which there was heavy fighting. A 

 little later a revolt occurred among the Soudanese 

 garrison at Mandi, on the borders of Kavirondo. 

 and to put it down a body of Uganda Rifles wa.- 

 marched 250 miles round the north end of the lake. 

 They were sent afterward against the Wasingo and 

 other rebellious tribes. In the midst of the general 



