EAST AFRICA. 



loyal Nubians. In Unyoro all the Soudanese were 

 disarmed and sent to Kampala, where 160 Soudan- 

 ese were held as prisoners and 800 at large. Mo- 

 hammedan Waganda rebels assembled at Unga. 



The Soudanese mutineers established themselves 

 in a fort at Lake Ibrahim. The situation was 

 cleared when Major MacDonald on Feb. 23 de- 

 'feated them there, and Capt. Harrison on Feb. 25 

 routed the survivors at Lake Kioga, killing (50, 

 wounding 100, and capturing 200 women. The 

 remnant, having no ammunition, recrossed the 

 Nile and took refuge in the Bukedi country. Mr. 

 Berkeley, the commissioner, who had been absent 

 in England during all the troubles, arrived in Feb- 

 ruary. The Indian re-enforcements were sent to. 

 protect the country from the raids of Kabarega and 

 the undisciplined forces of King Mwanga, who rav- 

 aged the western half of Uganda, burning churches 

 and committing other outrages. An old wound 

 in Uganda affairs was salved over when the Brit- 

 ish Government paid to the French the sum of 

 10,000 as compensation to the Jesuit missionaries 

 for the property destroyed when their missions 

 were broken up on the advent of the East Africa 

 Company. 



Causes for discontent among the Uganda Rifles 

 were known to have been accumulating for some 

 time, although there was no mention of these in 

 the official reports. The total strength of this force 

 was about 1,600 men, commanded by British officers. 

 To be sent on frequent expeditions for the exten- 

 sion of British domination to the west and north of 

 Uganda seemed to them to be a serious grievance 

 and injustice, as they had not engaged to serve out- 

 side of the boundaries of the country, and they 

 were extremely unwilling to leave their fields un- 

 cultivated and their wives and property exposed to 

 risks. Their numerous families depended for sup- 

 port almost entirely upon the tillage of the lands 

 allotted to them, which were the most fertile in the 

 country. The pay that they received was merely 

 nominal. This very economical military system, 

 attended by a mischievous relaxation of discipline, 

 broke down when the cantoned troops were drafted 

 into Major MacDonald's expedition to distant and 

 unknown regions. 



German East Africa. The German possessions 

 are inhabited by tribes that have long pursued agri- 

 culture under the tuition of their Arab conquerors. 

 They are Bantus mixed with other races and with a 

 strong infusion of Asiatic blood in the coast dis- 

 tricts. There were 635 Europeans, of whom 507 

 were Germans, in the coast region in 1896. and in 

 the interior over 350. The imperial Governor is 

 Major-Gen. Liebert. There are large banana plan- 

 tations, and pulse and corn are also cultivated. In 

 the experimental farms established by the Govern- 

 ment and in plantations owned by Germans, coffee, 

 tobacco, vanilla, cocoanuts, cacao, and caoutchouc 

 are cultivated, and cattle rearing on an extensive 

 scale is attempted. Cattle, sheep, and goats are 

 also kept by the natives. A railroad has been built 

 from Tanga to Pongwe, 10 miles, and is being car- 

 ried inland to Karagwe. Telegraph lines have been 

 erected along the coast, and a cable runs to Zanzi- 

 bar. The budget for 1898 was 5,965,200 marks, of 

 which the Imperial Government contributed 4,369,- 

 900 marks and 1,595,300 marks were raised in the 

 colony. The value of the imports in 1895 was 

 7.608,000 marks, and of the exports 3,258,000 marks. 

 The export of ivory was 1,423,000 marks ; of caout- 

 chouc, 772,000 marks ; of sesame, 163,000 marks : of 

 gum, 138,000 marks; of cocoanuts, 129,000 marks. 

 The governor of German East Africa, Major-Gen. 

 Liebert, in March, 1898, conducted a punitive ex- 

 pedition against the Wahehe, who had attacked a 

 party of German foresters. 



ECUADOR. 



233 



Somaliland. The Italian protectorate began 

 with the occupation of Obbia in 1889. In 1892 the 

 Sultan of Zanzibar ceded the Somali coast to Italy 

 southward from Obbia to the mouth of the Juba. 

 The interior parts claimed by the Negus of Abys- 

 sinia were acknowledged to be his by the treaty of 

 Adis Abeba in 1896. Italy retained a strip 180 

 miles wide on the coast and the district of Logh on 

 the Juba river. The Italian Benadir Company re- 

 ceived in 1896 a charter granting commercial and 

 administrative rights in the country for fifty years. 



Obok and the French Somali coast, with depend- 

 encies, have an area of 8,640 square miles and a 

 native population of 30,000. The local revenue is 

 about 30,000 francs, and the main cost is borne by 

 the French treasury, which contributed 614,807 

 francs in 1898. 



The coast between Lahadur and Bandar Ziyada 

 was declared a British protectorate in 1884. It is 

 inhabited by nomadic tribes. At the posts of Zaila, 

 Berbera, and Bulhar garrisons of Indian troops are 

 stationed. The revenue in 1897 was 318,780 rupees, 

 and expenditure 152,855 rupees for civil and 82,006 

 rupees for military purposes. The imports of Ber- 

 bera, Bulhar, and Karam were 2,355,172 rupees, and 

 exports 2,142,660 rupees in value; the imports of 

 Zaila were 3,512,867 rupees, and exports 4,665,310 

 rupees. The principal exports are hides and skins, 

 ostrich feathers, sheep and cattle, and gum. An 

 area of 7,000 square miles formerly included in the 

 protectorate was conceded to Abyssinia in an agree- 

 ment made in 1897. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. The 

 Senate numbers 30 members, two from each prov- 

 ince, elected for four years, one half retiring every 

 two years. The House of Representatives has 33 

 members, elected for two years by all adult citizens 

 who can read and write. The President, whose 

 term is four years, is Gen. Eloy Alfaro, elected in 

 January, 1897. The Vice-President is Manuel B. 

 Cueva. The Cabinet in the beginning of 1898 was 

 composed as follows : Interior, Police, and Public 

 Charity, Dr. R. Gomez; Foreign Affairs, Justice, 

 Public Instruction, and Immigration, B. Alban 

 Mestanza ; War and Marine, Gen. N. Avellano ; 

 Finance and Public Works, R. Valdivieso. 



Area and Population. The area of the repub- 

 lic is about 120,000 square miles, with an estimated 

 population of 1,271,861. The Gallapagos, or Tor- 

 toise. Islands, which have an area of 2,400 square 

 miles, belong to Ecuador. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue in 1896 

 amounted to 5,128,620 sucres, which was supple- 

 mented by loans and bankers' advances to the 

 amount of 3,730,740 sucres, making the total reve- 

 nue 8,859,360 sucres, while the expenditure was 

 8,779,520 sucres. For 1897 the revenue was esti- 

 mated at 9,093,551 sucres, and the expenditure at 

 11,005,141 snores. The foreign debt, consisting of 

 a part of the old debt of Colombia assumed by 

 Ecuador after the secession in 1830, is the subject 

 of negotiations between the. Government and the 

 bondholders. There were 693,160 sterling of bonds 

 outstanding in 1897. The internal debt in 1896 

 amounted to 7,500,000 sucres. 



Commerce. The chief article of export is cacao, 

 of which 15.327 tons were received at Guayaquil in 

 1896. The total value of the imports entering 

 through this port in 1895 was 8,520,000 sucres, and 

 of exports shipped from there 11,562,000 sucres. 



The number of vessels entered at this, the princi- 

 pal port, in 1896 was 844, of 277,576 tons, of which 

 450, of 20,643 tons, were sailing vessels and 394. of 

 256.933 tons, were steam vessels; total number 

 cleared, 871, of 274,350 tons, of which 469. of 17,297 

 tons, were sailing vessels and 402, of 257,053 tons, 

 steam vessels. 



